<p>Heinz Memorial Chapel is a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark and a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The chapel was a gift of German-American Henry John Heinz, founder of the H.J. Heinz Company, who wanted to honor his mother, Anna Margaretha Heinz, with a building at the university. Upon his death in 1919, Heinz&#39;s three surviving children (Howard, Irene, and Clifford) added to his bequest to memorialize their grandmother and honor their father. Their choice of a chapel for a memorial was guided by the concepts of education and religion which Anna Margaretta Heinz imbued in her children.</p><br>
<p>Howard Heinz, Chancellor John Gabbert Bowman, and Joh Weber, business manager and university secretary, were some of the passionate workers behind the chapel&#39;s concept and execution. Working with them were other members of the Heinz family, and two well-known clergymen, Dr. Hugh Thomson Kerr, pastor of Shadyside Presbyterian Church, and Dr. Henry Sloane Coffin, president of Union Theological Seminary.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken in 1933 and the cornerstone was laid in 1934. At the chapel&#39;s dedication on November 20, 1938, Howard Heinz spoke of the meaning of the memorial chapel:</p><br>
<p>"It is located in a community where my father was born and lived his life. It is on the campus of a university. As part of that university, it is dedicated to culture, understanding response to beauty, and religious worship."</p><br>
<p>Chancellor Bowman commented at the cornerstone laying:</p><br>
<p>"The chapel is designed as a fitting center of worship which in various ways will rise at the University. The character, intensity, the level of that worship may change from generation to generation. The spiritual tide in men rises and falls. Through these changes though, the Chapel will stand, calm and undisturbed."</p><br>
<p>Since its dedication, the Heinz family and their philanthropies, as well as private donations from other various individuals, have provided ongoing financial support. In 1996, an addition to the chapel&#39;s north side containing an elevator provided a permanent structure that allows complete accessibility for those with disabilities. This $1.25 million addition, designed by Landmark Design Associates, was funded with grants from the Heinz Endowments and university capital funds.</p><br>
<h2>Historical timeline</h2><br>
<p>January 1914 – The Pittsburgh Gazette Times announces the gift of $100,000 from Henry John Heinz to erect a building in memory of his mother, Anna Margaritta Heinz. A letter addressed to the University of Pittsburgh board of trustees from H. J. Heinz states that the building be "exclusively used for the religious and social activities of the student body of the university".</p><br>
<p>November 4, 1929 – A Deed of Gift is drawn up between Howard Heinz, Clifford Heinz, and Irene E. Given and the University of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<p>August 15, 1933 – Groundbreaking is held for the Heinz Memorial Chapel by W. F. Trimble and Sons, General Contractors.</p><br>
<p>February 1934 – Cornerstone setting ceremonies were held.</p><br>
<p>June 20, 1934 – A contract was signed by Howard Heinz for $24,000 to purchase Aeolian-Skinner pipe organ Opus 922; the instrument contained approximately 4,295 pipes, and 89 stops.</p><br>
<p>November 20, 1938 – The chapel was dedicated at 2:30 p.m., as soon as the Skinner instrument installation was complete. Dr. Russell G. Wichmann, the first organist at Heinz Chapel, played at the dedication. Shadyside Presbyterian Church quartet, which he directed, and the University of Pittsburgh Chorus, participated.</p><br>
<p>November 23, 1938 – The first student service was held in the chapel—a Thanksgiving Day service held a day early. Dr. Wichmann served as organist, accompanying the University of Pittsburgh Choir. The Alumni Review reported that all seats were filled well before the scheduled start of the service. According to the student ushers present, several hundred students were turned away.</p><br>
<p>1938 – Rev. Raymond F. Brittain of the University&#39;s Department of History of Religion, was appointed director of religious programs in the chapel.</p><br>
<p>January 4, 1939 – Daily 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. programs instituted with fifteen minutes of organ music, followed by ten minutes of responsive reading, singing and prayer.</p><br>
<p>December 18, 1939 – The first Vespers service in the chapel was held at 2:30 p.m.</p><br>
<p>April 9, 1939 – A program first mentioned the "University Symphony Orchestra", for Easter Vespers. The ensemble included four violins, two violas and one cello.</p><br>
<p>January 11, 1946 – The first wedding ceremony was held in the chapel.</p><br>
<p>1992 – A scene for the movie Lorenzo&#39;s Oil is filmed in Heinz Chapel.</p><br>
<p>1996 – An addition was added to the north side of the chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Heinz Memorial Chapel is used for various religious services, but as intended from its beginning, it is interdenominational. The chapel is open daily throughout the year except for University holidays, and approximately 1,500 events involving more than 100,000 people take place there annually including religious services, weddings, concerts, classes, memorial services, and guided tours. Between 170 and 190 weddings, which are restricted to affiliates of the University of Pittsburgh and the Heinz employees, are held each year in the chapel. It also serves as the home of the Heinz Chapel Choir.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the school year, the 20-voice Pittsburgh Compline Choir, directed by Dr. Mark A. Boyle, sings Compline at 8:00 on Sunday evenings. The Order of Service used by the choir is an expanded version of the Order for Compline in the Lutheran Book of Worship. Compline at Heinz Chapel is a ministry of the Lutheran University Center and First Lutheran Church in Downtown Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The neo-Gothic chapel was designed by Charles Klauder who also designed the Cathedral of Learning and the Stephen Foster Memorial, both located right next to the chapel on Pitt&#39;s campus. He was assisted by University architect A. A. Klimcheck. Dr. John G. Bowman, Chancellor of the University, and Mr. John Weber, Secretary of the University, whom Dr. Bowman sent to Europe to study church architecture for background on the chapel, worked closely with Mr. Klauder in the attempt to achieve on this campus a physical representation of the meaning of a University Chapel.</p><br>
<p>The chapels form is that of a modified cruciform plan, stone vaults, high ceilings, repeated arches, and extensive use of glass that were typical of American academic and religious architecture of this period. It is 146 ft long, 55 ft wide at the transept, and 100 ft high at the nave with its fleche (not called a steeple) reaching 256 ft above the ground. The chapels walls, inside and out, are of Indiana Limestone.</p><br>
<p>Sadly, Klauder died only a few weeks before the chapel&#39;s dedication.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, a $1.3 million elevator housing was added to north side of Heinz Chapel in order to bring in into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. The small addition was designed to architecturally mesh with the remainder of the chapel.</p><br>
<h3>Stonework</h3><br>
<p>Both inside and out, the walls of the chapel are of grey Indiana limestone. The interior ceiling is lined with a structural acoustical tile which, although it is a ceramic product, approximates stone. The floor of the chapel is crab orchard stone with Vermont green slate in the side aisles. The floor of the chancel is marble while the altar itself is of Numidian marble, imported from Egypt.</p><br>
<p>The chapels wall carvings, by master stoneworker Joseph Gattoni of New York, follow the Gothic tradition of pictorial instruction and express the chapels theme of spiritual values in education. Charles Connicks studio, who is best known for designing the stained glass windows, also designed a large portion of the chapels stonework, including the Gothic-style shields adorning the stone walls and the tympanum above the main door that portrays the figure of Jesus with symbols of the Alpha and the Omega.</p><br>
<h4>Exterior façade carving</h4><br>
<p>The tympanum, or recessed arch over the main portal, reflects both the medieval craft of pictorial instruction and the interest of Henry Heinz in the spiritual teachings of his church through his own Sunday school experiences, thus setting the theme for the entire chapel.</p><br>
<p>The main figure is that of the boy Jesus, relating His youthful revelation to the doctors in the Temple (Luke 2:46–57). He holds a book inscribed with the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, Alpha and Omega, between which all human thought is contained.</p><br>
<p>To the left of the figure of Jesus is the small figure of Moses with the Tables of Law. Beneath Moses, entwined within the branches of a Tree of Life design, are medallions with portraits of the Prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah, the Patriarchs Abraham and Jacob, the Priests Aaron and Melchezedech, and King David.</p><br>
<p>On the right of the figure of Jesus is the small figure of St. Luke, beneath which are again medallions within a Tree of Life. These represent St. Lukes and Jesus spiritual progeny: in charity, St. Francis of Assisi; in imagination, Leonardo da Vinci; in understanding, Newton; in healing, Pasteur; in eloquence, Wordsworth; in leadership, Lincoln; in thought, Emerson.</p><br>
<p>Outside, the insignia of Europes twelve oldest universities are carved on shields on the gables. Below that on the balustrade parapets are college and universities founded in the United States before 1820. The spandrels beneath show seals of those founded after 1820 and the seals of womens colleges are on the buttresses.</p><br>
<h4>Seals and shields</h4><br>
<h4>=Entrance portal=</h4><br>
<p>The seal of the University of Pittsburgh, the 1930s candle version, is just above the main entrance and is flanked by the seal of the City of Pittsburgh and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Inside, the stone carvings include the Torah and the Bible, the New Testament beatitudes, and shields of the twelve Apostles. The carvings often take up and extend the theme of the window nearest them.</p><br>
<h4>=Parapets=</h4><br>
<p>In the gables and balustrade circling the transept at its highest point and signifying the chapel&#39;s dedication to education, are shields bearing the insignia of the twelve oldest European universities in order of their founding.</p><br>
<p>Along the lower balustrade parapet are carved the seals of American colleges and universities founded before 1820, in order of their founding. The seals of those founded after 1820 are on the spandrels beneath the parapet, and the seals of women&#39;s colleges are carved on the buttresses.</p><br>
<h4>=Narthex=</h4><br>
<p>To the right and left of the entrance, in the Narthex, two shields represent the Old and New Testaments with the Pentateuch and the Bible.</p><br>
<h4>=Chancel=</h4><br>
<p>At the base of the Faith, Hope and Charity windows are the shields of the twelve apostles, each represented by his symbol.</p><br>
<p>Under the Justice and Wisdom windows are fourteen shields representing the fourteen beatitudes, or gifts of the soul, as they appear in the carving of the Cathedral of Chartres.</p><br>
<h4>=North door=</h4><br>
<p>Over the small door to the left of the chancel as one faces it, is carved the Sacred Monogram above a Tree of Life. Flanking the door are the unicorn, symbol of goodness, and the phoenix, symbol of immortality.</p><br>
<h4>=Ambulatory doors=</h4><br>
<p>On either side of the doors leading into the ambulatory are shields representing the four Major Prophets: Isaiah (tongs and burning altar coal), Jeremiah (star-tipped wand), Ezekiel (tetramorph), and Daniel (ram with horns).</p><br>
<h4>=Memorial window shields=</h4><br>
<p>Echoing the theme of the window are symbols of music, the harp and the lyre, early instruments used in songs of praise.</p><br>
<h4>=Transept=</h4><br>
<p>In the spandrels of the great arches of the transept crossing, eight large shields represent the eight beatitudes given in the Sermon on the Mount.</p><br>
<h4>=Aisle window shields=</h4><br>
<p>North aisle shields – symbols of the Doctors of the Western, or Latin Church.</p><br>
<p>South aisle shields – symbols of the Doctors of the Eastern, or Greek Church.</p><br>
<h4>=Clerestory shields=</h4><br>
<p>At the base of the clerestory windows, between the small arches of the triforium gallery are fourteen shields which represent the seven liberal arts and the seven medieval crafts and trades.</p><br>
<h4>=Narthex shields=</h4><br>
<p>At the base of the Narthex windows are twelve shields which echo the theme of each window.</p><br>
<h3>Wood and iron work</h3><br>
<p>All the visible wood in the chapel is oak, including its entrance doors, each of which weighs 800 pounds. The reredos, choir stalls, chancel rails, pulpit, lectern, and narthex screen are of English pollard oak. The pews and narthex ceiling are of Appalachian Mountain oak. Wood carvings were done by Irving and Casson, A.H. Davenport Company of Boston. The four figures carved in the reredos represent the saints Peter, John, Paul the Apostle, and James the Major. All the wrought iron work, including the lanterns, door fittings, stair railings, altar cross, and candlesticks, were created by Samuel Yellin of Philadelphia. (Yellin was also responsible for major working in the adjacent Cathedral of Learning including the Commons Room Gates and most of the metal work in the Nationality Classrooms.)</p><br>
<h2>The windows</h2><br>
<h3>Designer</h3><br>
<p>The chapels 23 windows were designed by prominent stained glass artist Charles Connick and created at his Boston studio. The windows, which have been regarded by many as Connicks most important commission, total approximately 4,000 ft&sup2; and contain nearly 250,000 pieces of glass. There are 391 identifiable people in the windows, a large supporting cast of anonymous individuals, and an extensive variety of flora and fauna.</p><br>
<p>Connick was an artist once on the staff of the Pittsburgh Press, and author of Adventures in Light and Color, a work which he has modestly subtitled An Introduction to the Stained Glass Craft. Mr. Connick also has windows in the Cathedrals of St. Patrick and St. John the Divine in New York City, the Princeton University Chapel, the American Church in Paris, and in the Calvary Episcopal and East Liberty Presbyterian churches in Pittsburgh. Heinz Memorial Chapel has the distinction of having all its windows by Mr. Connick, a practice unusual in most churches which prefer to represent in their sanctuaries as many kinds of stained glass artistry as possible. However, because in Heinz Chapel all the windows can be seen at once, and because Mr. Connick began to work so closely with those planning the chapel, and was so widely respected as a worker in stained glass, he was soon commissioned to design and make all of the windows in Heinz Chapel.</p><br>
<h3>Design elements</h3><br>
<p>Just as in the language of stone carvings, symbols were used in place of words, there was established a language of color in which the colors themselves had meanings and values. In his Divine Comedy, Dante set forth the traditions of this symbolism, and Mr. Connick used this language in Heinz Chapel to express emotions beyond the reach of words.</p><br>
<p>Red - the warm active color; suggesting passionate devotion, divine love, self-sacrifice, heroism and valor.</p><br>
<p>Blue – the cool contemplative color echoing the light of heaven; symbolic of divine wisdom, profound meditation, enduring loyalty, eternity.</p><br>
<p>White – spiritual achievement, treasure in heaven.</p><br>
<p>And in combination:</p><br>
<p>Gold – yellow merging into brown, changing to gold, symbolic of the treasures of earth; bounty.</p><br>
<p>Green – unites the wisdom of blue with the wealth of gold; hope and victory, happiness and gaiety; spring, youth.</p><br>
<p>Violet – unites the wisdom of blue with the love of red; justice, humility, royalty.</p><br>
<p>While the dominant theme of the chapel is charity, as declared by the Charity window, centered high above the chancel, blue is the most prominent color used in the windows, due to the requirements of stained glass artistry. "Blue is light itself," Mr. Connick has said, and he regarded it as the most valuable and lovely color in stained glass.</p><br>
<h3>Chancel windows</h3><br>
<p>The five chancel windows represent the virtues of justice, faith, charity, hope, and wisdom. These feature acts of Jesus and characters from the Old and New Testament. These windows are complemented on each side by smaller windows over the choir stalls that celebrate music and recognize its importance in worship.</p><br>
<p>The theme of each window is further developed through the use of symbols related to the Tree of Life. The symbol of love, the rose, appears in the Charity Window; the fig tree symbolizes Faith; the pomegranate, Hope; the grapevine, Justice; and the Twelve Golden Fruits of the Tree of Life, Wisdom.</p><br>
<h3>Transept windows</h3><br>
<p>The 73 ft tall transept windows are among the tallest stained glass windows in the world and represent temperance, truth, tolerance, and courage. An equal number of men and women are depicted in these windows, unusual in that the equal emphasis on the contributions of both sexes was not typical of the period of their creation. There are a tremendous variety of individuals depicted in these windows drawn from religion and all aspects of secular history, music, science, philosophy, poetry and literature. Secular figures range from Beethoven and Bach to Clara Barton; from Da Vinci to Daniel Boone; from Charlemagne to Chaucer to Confucius; from Emily Dickinson to Keats to Sir Isaac Newton; form Napoleon to Ben Franklin and George Washington; from Rousseau to Shakespeare to Florence Nightingale; from Pocahontas to Pasteur and Edgar Allan Poe; from Tennyson to Thoreau, and a myriad in between including Johnny Appleseed.</p><br>
<h3>Clerestory windows</h3><br>
<p>The four clerestory windows, high above the aisles, present great teachers and interpreters of Christian thought. The three gallery windows at the west end of the chapel represent three great Christian literary works:</p><br>
<p>St. Francis of Assisi&#39;s Canticle of the Sun Also called the Praise and Thanksgiving window, the left narthex window preserves in stained glass the Canticle of the Sun by St. Francis of Assisi. The canticle is pictured in the series of medallions and forms, articulated by stars, birds, fishes and hovering flames. The great surmounting figures are Brother Sun and Sister Moon, below which are personifications of the four elements – Air, Water, Fire, Earth. The small medallion designs are related to the life of St. Francis. The center tracery piece contains the figure of God as the Divine Creator.</p><br>
<p>John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress The central Narthex window presents John Bunyans allegoric Pilgrims Progress, symbolically tracing the pilgrims journey from angular shapes at the windows base to the bursting fruit of the Tree of Life at its top. The dominant figures of Christian and Hopeful surmount the lancets. The center tracery piece presents the New Jerusalem, with Enoch, Moses and Elijah welcoming the Pilgrim at journey&#39;s end.</p><br>
<p>The Quest for the Holy Grail from Sir Thomas Malorys Le Morte dArthur. Also called the Holy Grail Window, the right narthex window traces the story of the search for the Holy Grail as told in Sir Thomas Malorys Le Morte dArthur. Sir Galahad and Sir Percivale&#39;s sister are the dominant figures surmounting the lancets. The growing forms most often take the shape of lilies, symbols of Purity. In the corners are designs of heraldic lions (symbols of Courage), Unicorns (symbols of Virginity), and Serpents and Dragons (sinfulness and the Power of Evil), suggesting the ideals of Chivalry and the temptations besetting the searchers. The center tracery piece presents the Vision of the Grail at the end of the search.</p><br>
<h2>The organ</h2><br>
<h3>Original instrument</h3><br>
<p>The chapel organ was originally a four manual Aeolian Skinner pipe organ with 3,770 pipes. Construction on the organ began in Boston in 1934 and took several years to complete.</p><br>
<p>The organ pipes range in size from the size of a pencil up to wooden boxes two feet square. The console itself was in a sunken recess at the right of the chancel and the pipes were concealed behind the chancel triforium gallery and the gold and blue ecclesiastical cloth above the gallery.</p><br>
<h3>Updated instrument</h3><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the cloth was gradually removed, it was deteriorating, had a detrimental effect on the organ sound and presented a fire hazard. By this time, the organ was in serious need of attention and in 1969 work was begun on the installation of a new instrument by the M. P. Möller Company. This included the addition of a small gallery console which could be used to play only those pipes in the rear gallery, useful for duets or if the main instrument required emergency service.</p><br>
<p>The new Moller instrument was dedicated on March 21, 1971, by University Organist, Dr. Robert S. Lord and Dr. Russell G. Wichmann, organist at Chatham College. This instrument had approximately 3,954 pipes and 82 stops and 70 ranks (unique sounds). The Heinz Endowments funded this purchase.</p><br>
<p>The organ was greatly enhanced by the addition of three electronic 32&#39; ranks by the Allen Organ Company in January 1989 under the supervision of Dr. Lord made possible by a grant from the Heinz endowments. This permitted the organ to produce deep, resonant bass tones. It was one of the first uses of electronic sounds to enhance an existing pipe organ.</p><br>
<h3>Current instrument</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1990s, the Möller became increasingly unreliable and it was deemed necessary to perform major work on the instrument. This coincided with the work done in 1994 to make the chapel accessible for those with physical disabilities. The Reuter Organ Company was engaged to do this work.</p><br>
<p>The renovated Reuter instrument was dedicated in concert on September 24, 1995. Re-created in 1994–1995 by the Reuter Organ Company, it represents a trend in American organ building to reuse existing materials in an environmentally friendly and musically sound manner. The chancel console has three manuals (keyboards) and pedalboard that control all 4,272 pipes (73 ranks) and three electronic 32&#39; pedal stops. For concerts, this console may be moved to the front of the chancel in full view of the audience. A second console (two manuals and pedal) located in the rear gallery controls pipes located in the alcoves adjacent to the gallery. The main console also has access to the rear gallery pipes. While most of the main organ pipes are located around the front chancel a commanding "tuba" (trumpet) stop is located 90 ft above in a ceiling chamber.</p><br>
<p>A complete history of the organ is available in the Docent Guide for the Organ at Heinz Chapel the first edition of which was prepared in 2003 by Jon J. Danzak. A copy of the book as well as two CDs were placed on deposit at the Music Library of the University of Pittsburgh by Dr. Robert S. Lord (Professor Emeritus) who served as university organist for over 40 years.</p><br>
<p>Presby Memorial Iris Gardens is a nonprofit, living museum specializing in iris flowers, located at 474 Upper Mountain Avenue, Montclair in Essex County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States. The gardens are situated on 6.5 acres. Adjacent to the gardens is a Victorian house, the Walther House. The house is open to the public the hours are limited, the entrance has a seven step staircase and is home to a museum shop and headquarters for the Citizens Committee that oversees the gardens.</p><br>
<p>Following financial problems in 2008 and 2009, ownership of the gardens was transferred to Essex county, who bought the Walther House for $1.1 million in order to give the gardens a better financial standing. The county then leased the gardens back to the Presby Memorial Iris Gardens for $1. While Essex County owns the property, the actual iris beds are maintained without taxpayer funds. Rather, they are maintained by private donations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gardens are in a park-like setting and open to the public without charge. Donations, however, are greatly appreciated. Each year Presby has over 10,000 visitors. Normally, the blooming season is May 14 to June 4. Check the Presby website (see External Links below) for the exact status of the current season.</p><br>
<p>The gardens were established in 1927 to honor Frank Presby, a noted horticulturalist and a founding member of the American Iris Society. This world-class collection now includes approximately 10,000 individual plants, representing 6 species and over 3,000 different named varieties of irises. It is the largest non-commercial garden dedicated to irises in the world.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hancock is a former United States Army fort at Sandy Hook in Middletown Township, New Jersey. The coastal artillery base defended the Atlantic coast and the entrance to New York Harbor, with its first gun batteries operational in 1896. The fort served from then until 1950 as part of the Harbor Defenses of New York and predecessor organizations. Between 1874 and 1919, the adjacent US Army Sandy Hook Proving Ground was operated in conjunction with Fort Hancock. It is now part of Fort Hancock Memorial Park. It was preceded by the Fort at Sandy Hook, built 1857–1867 and demolished beginning in 1885.</p><br>
<p>The Sandy Hook Light, built in 1764 and the oldest working lighthouse in the United States, is located on the grounds of Fort Hancock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Fort at Sandy Hook</h3><br>
<p>The Sandy Hook area was first fortified as part of the third system of US fortifications. Construction on the Fort at Sandy Hook began in 1857 and ceased in 1867, with the fort serviceable though largely incomplete. This fort was never officially named, but since the area was named Fort Hancock in 1895 it is often called by that name. It was sometimes locally called Fort Lincoln or Fort Hudson. Originally two tower forts were proposed, but a much larger single fort was decided on instead. The initial design of the fort was by then-Captain Robert E. Lee of the Army Corps of Engineers. The fort was designed as a five-bastion irregular pentagon, with two tiers (one casemated, one barbette) of cannon totaling 173 guns on three seacoast fronts, with another 39 guns covering the landward approaches. As was common in Third System forts in the Northeast, it was built primarily of granite. At some point, with the casemate tier of the three seacoast fronts largely complete, the fort was redesigned to speed its overall completion, basically by eliminating the landward bastion and simplifying its neighboring bastions. Following the Civil War, it was determined that masonry forts were vulnerable to rifled guns, and funding for their construction was cut off in 1867. The fort remained incomplete until 1885, when almost all of it was cannibalized to build the Sandy Hook Proving Ground, the new Fort Hancock, and supporting structures such as a seawall. A small portion of one wall remains in place with four cannon ports.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Hancock</h3><br>
<p>In 1874 the Sandy Hook Proving Ground was established as a weapons testing area, primarily for coast defense weapons. This was operated by the Ordnance Department and was organizationally separate from Fort Hancock.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 construction began on the artillery batteries at Fort Hancock, which was named for Major General Winfield Scott Hancock in 1895. These resulted from the large-scale Endicott Program, which in 1885 proposed a new, comprehensive system of forts defending port cities. Fort Hancock was one of the first forts built and prototyped several weapon installations. The first batteries begun at Fort Hancock were Battery Potter and Battery Reynolds (later Reynolds-McCook), initially the "Gun Lift Battery" and the "Sandy Hook Mortar Battery", both of which were built with high walls all around for land defense, a feature not found in most subsequent US installations.</p><br>
<p>Battery Potter was the prototype battery for the steam-hydraulic gun lift carriage. The Endicott Program centered on disappearing guns, which would remain concealed behind a concrete-and-earth parapet until raised to fire. Most of the weapons in the program were mounted on Buffington-Crozier disappearing carriages. However, early on there was doubt that this carriage could successfully raise and lower a 12-inch (305 mm) gun. The alternative developed for this was the gun lift carriage, essentially a barbette carriage mounted on a hydraulic elevator. A steam plant powered the hydraulic system. One advantage of the gun lift carriage not found in most US disappearing gun installations was 360° all-around fire. Battery Potter (known as "Gun Lift Battery No. 1" until named in 1903) received its first gun in 1892 (a 12 in gun M1888, Watervliet serial no. 11, the first operational gun of the Endicott Program) and was completed in 1894, but for some reason was not accepted for service until 1898, possibly due to extensive testing. The gun lift system proved expensive to build and operate, as the steam plant had to be running continuously to provide pressure for elevator operation. Other early 12-inch gun installations were on simple non-disappearing barbette carriages until the M1896 Buffington-Crozier carriage was developed for the 12-inch gun. Although a few installations such as Battery Torbert at Fort Delaware were begun as gun lift batteries, these were completed with disappearing guns, and Battery Potter was the only gun lift battery completed. In 1903 Battery Potter was named for Joseph H. Potter, a Civil War general. By 1907 several additional batteries were completed at Fort Hancock, and with the construction of Battery Arrowsmith under way to cover its sector, Battery Potter was disarmed. Three spare gun lift carriages were modified as barbette carriages, designated Altered Gun Lift Carriage M1897, and emplaced at Fort Flagler (2) and Fort Worden (1) in the Puget Sound area of Washington state.</p><br>
<p>Battery Reynolds (half of which was renamed as Battery McCook in 1906) was a battery of sixteen 12-inch caliber mortars in the "Abbot Quad" arrangement. This was designed to place the mortars as closely together as possible, in the hope of scoring multiple hits on an enemy ship by firing simultaneously in a bracketing "shotgun" pattern. The battery had four pits in a square arrangement, with four mortars per pit, also in a square. The pits were separated by a traverse, which were the ammunition magazines and storages areas that ran the width and breadth of the Battery. These were built of concrete, backfilled with sand, and covered with vegetation. The entire battery was surrounded by a high concrete wall covered with earth for land defense. This arrangement was used at a number of early Endicott forts. However, simultaneously reloading the mortars in each pit proved cumbersome. Four mortars - the mortar closest to the magazine door in each pit - were removed and emplaced in the adjacent Navesink Highlands at the Highlands Military Reservation. In later battery design, the pits were first built with open backs for the four mortars, and then ultimately redesigned to be arranged in a line with open backs, and two mortars per emplacement.</p><br>
<p>By 1909 the following batteries were constructed:</p><br>
<p>Facilities for planting and controlling an underwater minefield were built as well. Battery Dynamite was one of a few built for Zalinski pneumatic dynamite guns; these used a dynamite-loaded projectile with a much larger explosive charge than conventional guns of similar bore. However, they also had a much lower velocity with consequent fire control problems and were withdrawn from service by 1902. Batteries Bloomfield, Richardson, Halleck, and Alexander together formed the "Nine Gun Battery" with one of the longest continuous gun lines in the Endicott system. They were begun as the seven-gun Battery Halleck in 1896, built on top of the third system fort, and were divided in 1904 after expansion to nine guns. The unnamed one-gun battery contained a 4.72 in French-made Schneider gun unique in the US artillery system; it was probably a test gun from the Proving Ground pressed into service after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War. The 3 in batteries were often called "mine defense" guns, intended to defend a minefield against minesweepers.</p><br>
<h3>Organization</h3><br>
<p>Fort Hancock was originally part of the New York Artillery District, part of which became the Coast Defenses of Southern New York in 1913, along with Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth. However, circa 1915 Fort Hancock became its own coast defense command as the Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook. In 1924 this was renamed as the Harbor Defenses of Sandy Hook. On 9 May 1942 Fort Hancock became part of the Harbor Defenses of New York and the Sandy Hook command was disestablished.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 coast artillery companies were created by redesignating the heavy artillery companies which previously garrisoned forts, and in 1907 the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps was established to operate the country&#39;s new defenses.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>Following the American entry into World War I a number of changes took place at forts in the US, with a view to getting US-manned heavy and railway artillery into service on the Western Front. Fort Hancock was less affected than most forts, probably due to its being a primary defense for New York City. One 10 in gun of Battery Halleck was removed for potential service as railway artillery; several other weapons including the other guns of Battery Halleck and the three 8 in guns of Battery Arrowsmith were listed for removal but remained at the fort. Battery Engle&#39;s single 5 in gun was removed for service as a field gun on a wheeled carriage and not returned to the fort, as were almost all of the 5 in M1897 guns forcewide. Also, four mortars (one from each pit) of Battery Reynolds-McCook were removed in 1917 to be remounted at the Highlands Military Reservation to the south of Sandy Hook. In 1917 construction began on two 12 in batteries at Fort Hancock with two guns each on long-range barbette carriages; these were completed in 1921 and named Battery Kingman and Battery Mills.</p><br>
<h3>Interwar period</h3><br>
<p>Following World War I a number of additional changes took place in the Coast Artillery, and Fort Hancock was no exception. The proving ground functions were relocated to Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. The three 8 in guns of Battery Arrowsmith were removed.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>In 1940–41 Fort Hancock served as a mobilization center, with first a tent city and subsequently numerous temporary buildings accommodating trainees. With Batteries Kingman and Mills and 16 in batteries at Fort Tilden and the Highlands Military Reservation providing adequate gun defenses for Greater New York, Fort Hamilton&#39;s other 6 in through 12 in weapons were gradually scrapped in 1942–43. In 1943 a harbor entrance control post was built on the long-defunct Battery Potter, and Battery Gunnison was rebuilt to accommodate the 6-inch pedestal-mounted guns of Battery Peck as an examination battery. This battery also became known as Battery New Peck. Two Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) batteries were established at the fort, each with an authorized strength of four 90 mm guns, two on fixed mounts and two on towed mounts. AMTB 7 was at a location that is unclear from references, while AMTB 8 was at the "old" Battery Peck.</p><br>
<h3>Cold War</h3><br>
<p>In 1946 it was determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and Fort Hancock&#39;s guns were scrapped. The fort was deactivated with the demise of the Coast Artillery Corps in 1950, but a year later was re-activated as a base for 90 mm and 120 mm antiaircraft guns, the first stateside Cold War defenses. The fort was deactivated again in 1953, but reactivated in 1956 as a Nike missile base (site NY-56). This lasted through 1974, when the stateside Nike missile system was deactivated.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Cold War</h3><br>
<p>Hurricane Sandy damaged Buildings 119 and 120, built during World War II, and in 2018 the NPS decided to raze the buildings, with demolition to begin in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Fort Hancock was decommissioned as an active USA Army installation in 1974. It is now part of the National Parks of New York Harbor under the National Park System. A museum is managed as part of the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area. In 2013, the Park Service introduced Nubian goats to the fort in order to clear away poison ivy that has been growing unchecked on the six-acre property for about 40 years.</p><br>
<p>The 21st Century Federal Advisory Committee was formed in September, 2012, intended for citizens to advise the National Park Service on potential redevelopment of the Fort&#39;s unused buildings. Since then, various rehabilitation and adaptive re-use proposals have been solicited for lease of the various buildings from the National Park Service. As of 2018, a few of the structures are under lease or letters of intent. The NPS is also seeking repairs to structures heavily damaged by Hurricane Sandy in 2012.</p><br>
<p>A 20 in Rodman gun (the biggest gun produced in the Civil War era), a 10 in Rodman gun, several Nike missiles, and two rare 6 in M1900 guns at Battery New Peck a.k.a. Battery Gunnison are displayed at the fort. Battery Gunnison was the only gun battery at Fort Hancock that wasn&#39;t salvaged for scrap after World War 2, and still retains these two guns on barbette carriages, made in 1903. The Battery has been undergoing an in-depth restoration since 2003 by the Army Ground Forces Association, a non-profit group of living historians who have brought the Battery back to how it looked in 1943, and who offer living history programs throughout the year. The Army Ground Forces Association is also an official Park Partner with the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hancock has one of the largest collections of preserved Endicott batteries anywhere, including various experimental batteries at the former proving ground. Significant remains include the dynamite gun battery and the test battery for the 14 in gun turrets of Fort Drum in Manila Bay, Philippines. Many of the garrison buildings survive. However, only a small part of one wall of the third system fort, with four embrasures, remains.</p><br>
<p>Nike Site NY-56 remains one of the few Nike batteries left in the nation where both the launch and radar sections survive intact. The Launch Area was heavily damaged in Hurricane Sandy, but the radar site, located at Horseshoe Cove, is under restoration by US Army Air Defense Artillery veterans of the Cold War era, several of whom were stationed at Fort Hancock in the 1960s-70s.</p><br>
<p>Wood Lawn, also known as Woodlawn, is a plantation house built in 1836 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located near Mount Mourne, Iredell County, North Carolina 1 mi north of Davidson, North Carolina, the house was built about 1840 and is an example of the Federal-Greek Revival style of architecture often built in the Piedmont area during this period. The house was built by Dr. George Washington Stinson, one of the first trustees of Davidson College, which was founded in 1837.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original structure consisted of 8 rooms (each with its own fireplace and mantle) on 2 levels off center hallways. The -story staircase features a walnut, spiral-turned handrail believed imported from Charleston, South Carolina. Tradition relates that Dr. Stinson&#39;s home was popular among the Davidson College students, not only because he had several eligible daughters, but also because he permitted square dancing, which was strongly discouraged by the Presbyterians of the day. Stinson was a member of Centre Presbyterian Church, where he and his wife are buried. Their son, Edgar Burett Stinson, graduated from Davidson in 1856, fought in the Civil War, and then returned to the family home where he later died. The house remained in the Stinson family until the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the house and its 61 acre parcel were purchased for use by a new independent, private school - Woodlawn School. One year later, the house was renovated to serve as the school&#39;s administration building, and was dedicated as Stinson Hall, in honor of its builder.</p><br>
<p>The Goddard Rocket Launching Site is a National Historic Landmark commemorating the launch site of the world&#39;s first successful liquid-fueled rocket.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Robert H. Goddard launched his historic rocket on March 16, 1926, from what was then the Asa Ward Farm. The 10 ft rocket reached an altitude of 41 ft, flew for two-and-a-half seconds, and fell to the ground 184 ft from the launching frame.</p><br>
<p>Goddard&#39;s final launch from Auburn, on July 17, 1929, was also a historic first. The 11 ft rocket carried an aneroid barometer, thermometer, and a camera triggered when the parachute opened. All three instruments operated successfully and were recovered. The rocket achieved a maximum altitude of 90 ft in an 18.5-second flight covering a distance of 171 ft.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located at 20 Upland Street, Auburn, Massachusetts, within the Pakachoag Golf Course. The launch site is indicated with two markers accessible to visitors while the golf course is open. An obelisk marking the launch site itself is about 1000 feet (300 m) southeast of Upland Street at the "9th Fairway, between Tee and Green," of the Pakachoag Golf Course. This marker may be difficult to access due to the nature of golf. The best advice for visiting is to walk the rock wall between 1st and 9th fairways. A second marker, rectangular in shape, is just off Upland Street in the northwest corner of the golf course.</p><br>
<p>The obelisk reads:</p><br>
<p>The Bolton Center Historic District is the historic center of the town of Bolton, Massachusetts. The district encompasses what is essentially a linear town center, strung out principally along Main Street , with a well-preserved collection of residential and civic architecture spanning more than two centuries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Although the towns first meetinghouse (built c. 1740 and no longer extant) lay outside the current center, by the early 19th century the towns focus had moved to the main east–west road through the town (now Route 117), where it developed as a major stagecoach stop, with several inns and taverns serving travelers and local business. By 1830, the center had achieved much of its present appearance, with most of the later development either replacing older buildings or infilling between others.</p><br>
<p>The district includes a variety of houses from the 18th century onward, including the house of the first town minister (c. 1741, 752 Main Street). Institutional buildings in the district include the 1853 Town House, four historic school buildings (including an 1825 one room schoolhouse), and the 1928 Colonial Revival Federated Church of Bolton. Architecturally distinguished buildings include the Tudor Revival library, built in 1903 as a gift from the Whitney family, and the 1923 Elementary School, a fine example of Colonial Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Clara Barton Homestead, also known as the Clara Barton Birthplace Museum, is a historic house museum at 60 Clara Barton Road in Oxford, Massachusetts. The museum celebrates the life and activities of Clara Barton , founder of the American Red Cross. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The museum is open seasonally, or by appointment. It has been restored to the period when Barton lived there.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Clara Barton Homestead is located in northern Oxford, on the grounds of the Barton Center for Diabetes Education at the northeast corner of Clara Barton and Ennis Roads. It is a -story Cape style wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is five bays wide, with sash windows arranged symmetrically around the center entrance. The entrance is simply framed, with a transom window above. A single-story ell extends to the right at a setback, with a porch at the joining corner. A 19th-century barn stands to the right of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1818 by Stephen Barton, and was where Clara Barton was born in 1821. Barton lived here until 1853. In 1921, it was purchased by the Unitarian-Universalist Federation of Women, who established it as a museum in her honor. The surrounding property has since been developed as part of the Barton Center, which provides a summer camp environment for children with diabetes.</p><br>
<p>Rockingham is a historic house that was the home of John Berrien . It served as George Washington&#39;s final headquarters of the Revolutionary War. It is located at 84 Laurel Avenue, Franklin Township in Somerset County, New Jersey. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally located on the hillside east of the Millstone River at Rocky Hill. Since the end of the 19th century, it has been moved within southern Franklin Township several times, and is now closer to Kingston than to Rocky Hill. The residence is a featured stop on the Millstone River Valley Scenic Byway.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house was built as a two-room, two-story saltbox style house; a kitchen and additional rooms were added on in the early 1760s, expanding with the Berrien family. The first reference to the house as "Rockingham" does not appear until a 1783 newspaper advertisement to sell the house. The name was likely given in honor of the Marquess of Rockingham.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1970, for its significance in military and social history. Additional documentation was approved on January 11, 2010, after the house was last moved in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>John Berrien</h2><br>
<p>John Berrien was a surveyor and land agent from Long Island whose business brought him into the Millstone River valley in the 1730s. In 1735, he purchased the small house that overlooked the river.</p><br>
<p>Berrien eventually was elected as a judge, first in Somerset County. He was eventually appointed to the Supreme Court of New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Marriage and family</h2><br>
<p>His first wife, Mary Leonard, of Perth Amboy, New Jersey, died in 1758 without bearing children.</p><br>
<p>The next year, he married Margaret Eaton, whose father founded Eatontown, New Jersey. Together, John and Margaret had six children, four boys (including John Berrien Jr.) and two girls.</p><br>
<p>Despite his apparent prosperity and social prominence, John Berrien drowned by suicide, jumping into the Millstone River in 1772, leaving his estate in the hands of his wife. His will split his property equally among her and their six children. He is buried in Princeton Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>George Washington</h2><br>
<p>General George Washington stayed at Rockingham from August 23, 1783, to November 10, 1783. He was invited to the area by Congress, who were headquartered in Nassau Hall in Princeton while awaiting news of the signing of the Treaty of Paris to officially end the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>Washington was accompanied by three aides-de-camp, a troop of between twelve and twenty-four life guards, his servants and, until early October, his wife Martha Washington. He spent his time at Rockingham entertaining Congress and other local figures until word of the end of the War reached him on October 31. On November 2, Washington composed his Farewell Orders to the Armies of the United States at Rockingham, a document dismissing his troops and announcing his retirement from the Army.</p><br>
<h2>House sold</h2><br>
<p>In 1802, Margaret Berrien sold the house to Frederick Cruser, who continued to expand the property. Storage space and servants sleeping quarters were added to the kitchen wing, a second-story balcony was added to the front of the house, and the roofline raised to accommodate a third-story attic. The Cruser family occupied Rockingham until 1841. The house changed hands many times until the 1890s, when the property was bought by the Rocky Hill Quarry Company.</p><br>
<h2>Moves</h2><br>
<h3>1897 move</h3><br>
<p>The first move of the house was in 1897 to remove it from the Rocky Hill Quarry Company property in Rocky Hill. Kate McFarlane and Josephine Swann helped create the Washington Headquarters Association of Rocky Hill, which raised the money to purchase the structure and move it away from the quarry. In August 1897, the house was opened to the public. In 1935, ownership was turned over to the state of New Jersey.</p><br>
<h3>1956 move</h3><br>
<p>By 1956, the quarry had expanded, and the house again was too close to active quarrying. Rockingham was moved a half mile eastward along County Route 518.</p><br>
<h3>2001 move</h3><br>
<p>The house made its final move in 2001. It sits on a 27 acre lot on Kingston-Rocky Hill Road, adjacent to the Delaware and Raritan Canal, on the outskirts of Kingston. The site reopened to the public in 2004 and is open year-round.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>Rockingham has been owned by many individuals and moved three times since it was built:</p><br>
<p>House built on the hillside east of the Millstone River at Rocky Hill:</p><br>
<p>1735 John Berrien buys house and property</p><br>
<p>1783 George Washington uses Rockingham as headquarters</p><br>
<p>1802 House sold to Frederick Cruser</p><br>
<p>1841 House sold to Henry Duryee</p><br>
<p>1847 House sold to James Stryker Van Pelt</p><br>
<p>1869 House sold to David H. Mount</p><br>
<p>1872 House sold to Martin A. Howell</p><br>
<p>House and property sold to Rocky Hill Quarry Company</p><br>
<p>1897 House moved away from quarry, first move:</p><br>
<p>1956 House moved farther away from quarry, second move:</p><br>
<p>2001 House moved near Kingston, third move:</p><br>
<p>The Kingwood Center Gardens is a historic 47 acre site with a house, Kingwood Hall, gardens and greenhouses located in Mansfield, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Charles Kelley King began making his fortune when he was hired by the Ohio Brass Company as its first electrical engineer in 1893. He led Ohio Brass into new ventures, particularly the manufacture of electrical fittings for railroads and trolleys. Mr. King was responsible for much of the companys success and he eventually became president and chairman of the Board of Ohio Brass. Mr. King was married and divorced twice, and had no children.(The 1928 Architectural Record (Vol. LXIII, No.6, P.86) shows a floorplan of the house with a clear indication of "Sons Bedroom.") The house and grounds were built in 1926 for King and his second wife, Luise, with grounds designed by Cleveland landscape architecture firm Pitkin and Mott. One year after his death in 1952, the 47-acre estate opened as a public garden to a private foundation that continues to operate Kingwood Center today.</p><br>
<p>On November 7, 1976, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>In 1953 the estate became a public garden. The gardens are now open daily from 10am to 7pm. Admission is $8 per person (children 12 and under are free), and free for members and volunteers. Estate grounds currently include the following collections:</p><br>
<p>Cacti and Succulent House - cacti and succulents.</p><br>
<p>Daylily and Iris Collection - about 200 daylily cultivars, 54 Siberian iris cultivars, 50 cultivars of tall bearded iris, and 10 cultivars of reblooming tall bearded iris.</p><br>
<p>Herb Garden (1977) - a knot garden in six sections, of herbs in juniper and boxwood edging.</p><br>
<p>Historic Garden (1926) - a sequence of connected "rooms" enclosed by hedges, each built around a central feature such as a sunken garden, a small circular pool, a swimming pool, or a bronze sculpture of Pan.</p><br>
<p>Parterre - boxwood edging filled with seasonal tulips and annuals.</p><br>
<p>Perennial Garden - over 300 varieties of perennial plants in large borders.</p><br>
<p>Rose Garden (1977) - nearly 500 roses, mainly hybrid teas and grandifloras, as well as a new section of David Austin roses.</p><br>
<p>Terrace (1994) - seasonal beds of tulips and annuals, with a variety of shrubs.</p><br>
<p>Tropical House - tropical plants, including Acalypha hispida (chenille plant), Acalypha wilkesiana Obovata Cristata (copperleaf), Anthurium (flamingo flower), Codiaeum (croton), Cordyline fruticosa Fire Brand (ti tree), Dichorisandra warscewicziana (blue ginger), Ficus deltoidea (mistletoe fig), Jatropha integerrima (spicy jatropha), Justicia brandegeeana (shrimp plant), and Rivina humilis (blood berry).</p><br>
<p>Woodland - currently under development.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri State Capitol is the home of the Missouri General Assembly and the executive branch of government of the USA state of Missouri. Located in Jefferson City at 201 West Capitol Avenue, it is the third capitol to be built in the city.  The domed building, designed by the New York City architectural firm of Tracy and Swartwout, was completed in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The capitol’s dome is the first thing travelers see when approaching Jefferson City from the north. In addition to the state Senate and House of Representatives, the capitol also contains offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, state auditor, and some administrative agencies.</p><br>
<p>It is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a contributing property in the Missouri State Capitol Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture, paintings, and statuary</h2><br>
<h3>The capitol exterior</h3><br>
<p>The exterior of the Missouri State Capitol is notable for its architectural features: the Baroque dome, loosely modeled after St. Peter’s basilica in Rome, rising 238 ft above ground level, topped by sculptor Sherry Fry’s bronze statue of Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture; the eight 48 ft columns on the south portico; the six 40 ft columns on the north portico; the 30 ft-wide grand staircase; and the bronze entrance doors, each 13x18 ft—at the time, the largest cast since the Roman era.</p><br>
<p>The north facade is embellished by a frieze sculpted by Hermon Atkins MacNeil illustrating the history of Missouri, a theme continued on the south facade by the artist Alexander Stirling Calder. The figures in the pediment over the main entrance were sculpted by Adolph Alexander Weinman.</p><br>
<h3>The capitol interior</h3><br>
<p>The capitol’s first floor, home of the State Museum, is embellished with mural paintings and statuary. A prime attraction is a series of murals painted by Thomas Hart Benton in the House Lounge. The grand staircase is flanked by large heroic bronze statues of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, and the third-floor rotunda is the site of the Hall of Famous Missourians, a group of bronze busts of prominent Missourians honored for their achievements and contributions to the state.</p><br>
<p>A whispering gallery high within the dome, and a small viewing platform on the dome&#39;s roof beneath the statue of Ceres, are areas normally not open to the public except for school tours and other special tours.</p><br>
<h3>The capitol gardens</h3><br>
<p>Statuary is a prominent feature of the capitol’s grounds: heroic allegorical bronze figures sculpted by Robert Aitken (representing Missouri&#39;s two great rivers—the Mississippi and the Missouri), and a 13 ft tall statue of Thomas Jefferson made by James Earle Fraser dominate the south entrance. The Sciences and The Arts Fountains, each with four representative figures, adorn the south lawn.</p><br>
<p>Sculptor Karl Bitter’s bronze relief, depicting the signing of the Louisiana Purchase by Livingston, Monroe and Marbois, and Weinman’s Fountain of the Centaurs are features of the north grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The capitol is Jefferson City&#39;s leading tourist attraction. It is a destination for school groups who arrive by busloads, particularly during General Assembly sessions. Students fill the galleries to watch the Senate and House of Representatives in action.</p><br>
<h2>History of the structure</h2><br>
<p>The present capitol, completed in 1917 and occupied the following year, is the third capitol in Jefferson City and the sixth in Missouri history. The first seat of state government was housed in the Mansion House, located at Third and Vine Streets in St. Louis and the second one was in the Missouri Hotel located at Main and Morgan Streets in St. Charles. St. Charles was designated as the temporary capital of the new 24th State in 1821 and remained the seat of government for five more years until 1826.</p><br>
<p>It was decided that the capitol should be located more in the center of the state and specifically that it should be located on the Missouri River within 40 mi of the mouth of the Osage River. A group was sent out to survey various locations. The present location on top of the bluffs in current Jefferson City was chosen because it afforded the best view of the Missouri River of any place which they had seen within the limits prescribed by the Constitution.</p><br>
<p>The fourth state capitol (and the first in Jefferson City) was made out of brick, two stories tall, measured approximately 40x60 ft, and took two years to complete. It was built for approximately $18,500. It was called the "Governors House and State Capitol." This building burned a decade later in 1837. The site is now occupied by the present-day Missouri Governors Mansion. It was designed by Stephen Hills (1771-1844), and modeled on his similar designs for the earlier first Pennsylvania State Capitol (1821-1897), built of red brick Federal style of architecture in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on the east bank of the Susquehanna River. Architect Hills also designed other structures in the state such as the Academic Hall of the University of Missouri at Columbia; the remnant ruins of "The Columns" of six Greek Ionic style columns that still stand that survived the 1892 fire that destroyed the historic building are now the campuss landmark columns at the David R. Francis Quadrangle on the Universitys grounds.</p><br>
<p>The fifth capitol (which was at the current site) was completed in 1840 as designed by Stephen Hills for approximately $350,000, with some controversies and claims that there were bribes and kickbacks. This building also burned after 71 years on February 5, 1911 when it was struck by lightning. This building was approximately 50,000 ft&sup2; and by 1911, was far too small to meet the then current needs of the legislators in the 1910s. Missouri State Senator William Warner (1840-1916), was quoted saying, "I have no tears to shed over the fact that the building has been destroyed as it was totally inadequate and not in keeping with the requirements of our great state". He died just before the new massive huge replacement State Capitol was completed and dedicated the following year in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The original new state capitol design and construction budget called for a building to be constructed for $3 million (equivalent to $ million in ), with an additional $500,000 allocated for the site and furnishings. This was approved in a general election / referendum by the public by a three-to-one margin, however, the state miscalculated on incoming revenue projections, and ended up collecting $4,215,000. All of this money was eventually used for the entire monumental project, which is one of the reasons why the sculptures and artwork are of such high caliber of quality and beauty. Edwin William Stephens of Columbia served as chair of the Capitol Decoration Committee along with University of Missouri at Columbia art professor and archeologist John Pickard (1858-1937).</p><br>
<p>It was also decided that the architect would be selected from a design competition; names were redacted from the submissions so that there would be no local favoritism. A total of 69 architectural firms submitted for the competition, from which a short list of 11 were chosen. Tracy & Swarthout from New York City was ultimately selected.</p><br>
<p>The building is symmetrical in plan, giving equal symbolic weight to both legislative chambers of the House of Representatives and the state Senate (though the interiors and decoration of the two chambers differ greatly). The style makes many historical references to the national United States Capitol on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., as well as to ancient Greek and Roman temples; however, the typical column capital top is a unique variation on the canonical Corinthian style capital, replacing the acanthus leaves with local flora.</p><br>
<p>The stone for the exterior is a dense marble from Carthage, Missouri. Some of the finer details have eroded after 100 years of freeze/thaw weather / climate cycles. The state has committed $30 million to study, restore, and prevent further deterioration. The building measures five stories high, 437 ft long, 300 ft wide in the center, and 200 ft wide in the wings. The dome is 238 ft high and the height of the wings is 88 ft. It includes 500,000 ft&sup2; of floor space.</p><br>
<p>In November 2006, the 9,000 lb dome chandelier, which had been lowered almost to the floor for maintenance, fell the remaining five feet. The chandelier was damaged by the impact and by the ornamental chains that fell on it. It was sent to a St. Louis company for repairs. Nearly a full year later, the chandelier was returned to Jefferson City and raised in the capitol. The upper lights were also restored, after they had been turned off for four decades due to light damage to the mural above. Created in 1918 by the Guth Lighting Company of St. Louis for a cost of $5,000, the chandelier cost $500,000 to be restored.</p><br>
<p>The West Virginia State Capitol is the seat of government for the USA state of West Virginia, and houses the West Virginia Legislature and the office of the Governor of West Virginia. Located in Charleston, West Virginia, the building was dedicated in 1932. Along with the West Virginia Executive Mansion it is part of the West Virginia Capitol Complex, a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the American Civil War, the counties that would ultimately form West Virginia were a part of the state of Virginia; the state capital was in Richmond, Virginia. After Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, the northwestern counties of Virginia loyal to the United States started the process which would ultimately create the State of West Virginia on June 20, 1863.</p><br>
<p>Settling on a state capital location proved to be difficult. For several years, the capital of West Virginia shifted back and forth between Wheeling and Charleston. Other locations, including Martinsburg and Clarksburg were offered as alternatives. on August 7, 1877.</p><br>
<h2>Prior capitols</h2><br>
<h3>Wheeling, 1863</h3><br>
<p>When the state seceded from Virginia and the Confederacy in early 1861, prior to its official admission to the Union, Wheeling was the de facto capital of the new state, then known as the, "Reorganized Government of Virginia."</p><br>
<p>From the state&#39;s official inception in 1863 (i.e., the date of its admission to the Union), the legislature met in the building of the Linsly Military Institute, on Eoff Street in Wheeling. The government soon outgrew this building, which had been built in 1859. In 1865, the legislature voted to move to Charleston, which was to be the permanent capital city. The legislature remained in Wheeling until 1870, when the new building was completed.</p><br>
<h3>Charleston, 1870</h3><br>
<p>In 1869, construction began on a new building on Capitol Street in downtown Charleston. The new building was designed by Leroy S. Buffington of Anderson & Hannaford, Cincinnati. The new building was architecturally eclectic, combining elements of the French Baroque, Second Empire, and High Victorian Gothic styles. The legislature met in the building until 1875, when the City of Wheeling offered to build a new capitol building if the legislature would agree to return to the city. This choice was fueled by the greater accessibility of Wheeling as Charleston did not have rail access.</p><br>
<h3>Wheeling, 1875</h3><br>
<p>The legislature was transferred back to Wheeling in 1875, and met in the Linsly building until the new one was completed in 1876. This building, by Joseph S. Fairfax, was a very large Second Empire building. The next year, a statewide election was held to determine a permanent capitol. Due to anti-Wheeling sentiment, the city was not even a choice. Charleston was selected, and in the fall of 1877, Governor Jacob issued a proclamation that after 1885, that city would be the permanent state capital.</p><br>
<p>After the Charleston building was completed in 1885, the Wheeling building was remodeled by architect Charles P. Hamilton to serve the dual functions of city hall and county courthouse. It survived until 1959, when a new building went up on the same site.</p><br>
<h3>Charleston, 1885</h3><br>
<p>Construction on the second Charleston capitol began in 1880, to plans by Pittsburgh architect Andrew Peebles, with supervision by C. C. Kemble of Wheeling, and then Charleston. The 1870 building was almost completely destroyed for the new building. Kemble was relieved from his duties in 1884, and Stanton M. Howard of Wheeling completed the building in 1885. Unlike its predecessor, this was an informal and picturesque High Victorian Gothic building. It stood until it was gutted by a fire in 1921, which left only the exterior walls still standing. The ruins were promptly demolished.</p><br>
<h3>Charleston, 1921</h3><br>
<p>A new temporary wooden building was hastily built by the state in 1921. It was derisively referred to as the "pasteboard capitol". It was built on Washington Street near the old site, with the expectation that the new building would be built on the old site. However, a riverside site in the eastern end of the city was chosen, and the downtown site was sold off. It was quickly developed. The temporary capitol was completely destroyed in a 1927 fire.</p><br>
<h2>Present capitol</h2><br>
<p>A Capitol Building Commission, created by the Legislature in 1921, authorized construction of the present capitol. Architect Cass Gilbert designed the buff limestone structure that was to have a final cost of just under $10 million. Construction began in 1924, the cornerstone was laid on November 5, 1930, and, after the three stages of construction were completed, Governor William G. Conley dedicated the capitol on June 20, 1932.</p><br>
<p>Gilbert liked his design of the West Virginia chambers interior so well that he reused part of the design for the United States Supreme Court. The USA Supreme Court chamber is a larger version of the one found in the West Virginia Capitols East Wing.</p><br>
<h2>Description of the capitol plaza</h2><br>
<p>The front of the building faces the Kanawha River, and the entire capitol plaza is bordered by Kanawha Boulevard East (also known as USA Route 60 and the Midland Trail), Greenbrier Street (also a part of Route 60 and West Virginia Route 114, where the latter terminates), California Avenue and Piedmont Road. Formerly, Washington Street passed through the plaza, but was closed off for pedestrian use. Beside the main capitol, there are two wings which lie perpendicular to the east and west ends of the building, forming an open-ended quadrangle centered on a fountain, one of three in the plaza. The two wings are connected by low causeways on the basement level. The Governor&#39;s mansion, and buildings housing a cultural center as well as several state departments and a parking garage, all occupy the area of the plaza, with several other state departments lying east of California Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include several statues, including Abraham Lincoln on the front plaza and Stonewall Jackson, a native of the state, near the southeast corner of the plaza. The Lincoln statue, known as Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight by Fred Torrey, depicts the President, who was in office at the time of the states incorporation, walking at midnight, head bowed, wearing a robe over his clothes, and is located in front of the main entrance of the building, facing the river. There are also two large fountains on the grounds, in the quadrangle just behind the rear entrance of the main building and one to the northwest, between the cultural center and the Division of Motor Vehicles building, just east of the Washington Street entrance to the plaza. Also at the complex are the historic Holly Grove Mansion and the West Virginia Governors Mansion.</p><br>
<p>Across from the Capitol complex, between Kanawha Boulevard East and the Kanawha River, lies a plaza around the Zero Mile Marker from which all highway distances in West Virginia were measured. The plaza also includes flagpoles with the American flag and the West Virginia flag as well as staircases down to the banks of the river.</p><br>
<p>Tours of the Capitol are arranged through the West Virginia Culture Center.</p><br>
<h2>West Virginia Capitol facts</h2><br>
<p>At a height of 292 ft, the State Capitol is the tallest building in West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The West Virginia State Capitol Building, is a location in Fallout 76, as Charleston Capitol Building</p><br>
<p>The Kansas State Capitol, known also as the Kansas Statehouse, is the building housing the executive and legislative branches of government for the USA state of Kansas. Located in the city of Topeka, which has served as the capital of Kansas since the territory became a state in 1861, the building is the second to serve as the Kansas Capitol. During the territorial period , an earlier capitol building was begun but not completed in Lecompton, Kansas, and smaller structures in Lecompton and Topeka were where the territorial legislatures met .</p><br>
<p>The dome, at 304 ft, is taller than the 288 ft United States Capitol dome, although its diameter (50 ft) is approximately half that of the national capitol (96 ft). It is one of the few capitols in the United States that continues to offer tours that go to the top of the dome. Visitors enter the dome by climbing 296 steps leading from the fifth floor to the top.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The land for Capitol Square was donated by Cyrus K. Holliday via his Topeka Town Company in 1862. The master architect was Edward Townsend Mix with the wings designed by John G. Haskell. Construction on the East Wing began in 1866, using "native" limestone from Geary County, Kansas. Construction began on the West Wing in 1879 using limestone from Cottonwood Falls, Kansas and in 1881, the legislature authorized and appropriated funds for the construction of a central building to link the two wings. Construction of this central building began in 1886, and the contract for dome construction was let in May, 1889.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The building was declared officially complete in 1903, after 37 years of construction.</p><br>
<p>It was not until 1988 that a design for a sculpture to stand atop the dome was finally approved. Ad Astra, a 22+2/12 ft bronze sculpture weighing 4,420 lb, was installed atop the dome on October 10, 2002. The sculpture, by Richard Bergen, depicts a Kansa Native American with bow and arrow pointed at the North Star and was chosen from 27 entries to adorn the dome. The title Ad Astra is Latin shortening of the state motto Ad Astra Per Aspera To the stars through difficulty.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>The building was featured prominently on Kansas license plates issued from January 2001 until April 2007. The Capitol dome and Native American Ad Astra statue are also featured on the standard license plate design that began issuance on August 19, 2024.</p><br>
<p>In December 2001, the Statehouse began a $120 million (~$ in ) modernization project, led by Treanor Architects; the project included restoration of its first through fifth floors, the rehabilitation and expansion of its basement, restoration of its exterior masonry and copper roof/dome. By the time the project finished in spring 2014, scope creep and delays resulted in a total cost of $332 million (~$ in ), covering "new heating and cooling systems, greater security and restroom accessibility, a new parking garage, visitor center, underground office space and replacing the roof and dome."</p><br>
<h4>Frescos and murals</h4><br>
<p>In 1898, Jerome Fedeli painted frescos near the top of the dome in the rotunda. Fedeli&#39;s work depicted bare-breasted classical women. However officials referred to the paintings as "Nude Telephone Girls" and had them painted-over.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, John Steuart Curry painted murals on the second floor including the buildings most famous painting—Tragic Prelude—which depicts an oversize and raging John Brown wedged between the warring sides of the American Civil War, flanked by flames and a tornado. Currys work gained considerable notoriety for depicting unsavory aspects of Kansas history and he left them unsigned and did not complete a commission to paint murals in the rotunda. Curry&#39;s depiction of Brown is believed to be the only instance of a person convicted of treason being featured in a state capitol.</p><br>
<p>David Hicks Overmyer painted a series of murals in the first floor rotunda between 1951 and 1953 entitled The Coming of the Spaniards, The Battle of Arickaree, The Battle of Mine Creek, Building a Sod House, Lewis and Clark in Kansas, Westward Ho, Arrival of the Railroad, and Chisholm Trail.</p><br>
<p>From 1976 to 1978, Lumen Martin Winter painted the murals in the rotunda.</p><br>
<p>The Solomon Goffe House is a historic house museum at 677 North Colony Street in Meriden, Connecticut, United States. It was built in 1711, and is the oldest remaining building in the city of Meriden. It is owned by the city and is open for tours during the summer, or by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Solomon Goffe House is located north of downtown Meriden, on the east side of North Colony Street between Griswold and Maynard Streets. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gambrel roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It is eight bays wide, with two entrances and six windows; there are four shed-roof dormers on the front roof face. The interior has undergone significant alterations, but three downstairs rooms remain relatively unaltered, and other features are preserved elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1711 by Solomon Goffe, about whom little is known. It was probably constructed at first as a five-bay structure, with the northern three bays added later. It had received numerous small additions in the 20th century, most of which have been removed during restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The house is currently a museum owned by the city. There are tours the first Sunday of the month from April to November 1:30pm to 4:30pm. Each month has a different theme. One of the highlights of the landscaping is its traditional herb garden, which was designed after examples of typical 18th century herb gardens in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Archaeology Society of Connecticut has done some digs on the property and found a number of objects, including an axe blade.</p><br>
<p>Hubbard Park, located in the Hanging Hills of Connecticut, is a wooded, mountainous park located just outside the city center of Meriden, Connecticut. It comprises approximately 1,800 acre of carefully kept woodlands, streams, dramatic cliff faces, flower gardens, and the James Barry bandshell and picnic spots, as well as its showpiece, Mirror Lake. The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Most of the land was given to the town by Walter Hubbard, president of the Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Company. In his donation, the land was given outright, with the stipulation that everything connected with the park was to remain free of charge for the people of Meriden, and that no concessions for profit were ever allowed within the park area.</p><br>
<p>Hubbard spent a great deal of time and energy creating the park. He personally spent between $400,000 and $500,000 to clear land, build roads, and construct Mirror Lake with the help of Frederick Law Olmsted, who is best known for designing New York Citys Central Park. Hubbard built a tower on East Peak, known as Castle Craig, named after an ancient castle in Scotland. While others say it resembles Norman Watchtowers on Europes Rhine River.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hubbard Park is nestled within the Hanging Hills, a dramatic trap rock mountain ridge overlooking the city of Meriden and the Quinnipiac River Valley 900 feet (274 m) below. Two of the peaks are located within the park, South Mountain at 767 ft, and East Peak, at 976 ft. West Peak, at 1,024 ft, is located just outside the park boundary to the west. Considered particularly scenic are Merimere Reservoir (punctuated with Mine Island) and Mirror Lake, nestled between South Mountain and East Peak. Portions of the park extend into neighboring Berlin and Southington.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Hubbard Park is a popular outdoor recreation destination. The park is crossed by a number of hiking trails, most notably the 51 mi blue-blazed Metacomet Trail (maintained by the Connecticut Forest and Park Association), which traverses East Peak and West peak the park. Trails are open to hiking, backcountry skiing; roads are open to bicycling and mountain biking. Swimming and rock climbing are prohibited. From the top of Castle Craig it is possible to see most of the Quinnipiac Valley region, Long Island Sound, and the distant higher peaks of southern New England. East Peak is often cited as the highest mountain within 25 mi of the coastline from Cadillac Mountain in Maine to Florida, however, nearby West Peak is higher.</p><br>
<p>The park also features a bandshell and flower gardens and is the site of a variety of local festivals and concerts, most notably the spring Daffodil Festival. Castle Craig is open to the public in season. A park road (open from May 1 through October 31 from 10:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.) traverses the park.</p><br>
<p>The Daffodil Festival began in 1978 as a way for the community to come together in the springtime. Held every last weekend in April, the festival is celebrated with food, a parade, fireworks, and of course daffodils. The park is filled with these yellow flowers as the number continues to rise. Hubbard Park is transformed with a craft area with booths from different artists, food tent with live music, and games and rides. Shuttle busses are available throughout Meriden including Platt High School, Wilcox Technical School, the Westfield Mall, and downtown Meriden HUB. The Daffodil Festival is free admission for all.</p><br>
<p>The Festival of Silver Lights is a special celebration with seasonal lights that are displayed throughout the park in the winter months. There are over 300 lighted displays throughout the park and over half a million lights are used. The lights include many forest animals, alligators, camels, the globe, a Christmas tree, and hanging snowflakes. Cars can travel through the park and be mesmerized by the beauty of the night and lights.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Hanging Hills of Meriden are part of the Metacomet Ridge, which is nearly continuous from Belchertown, Massachusetts, to Branford, Connecticut. The hanging Hills were formed by volcanic activity 200 million years ago during the rifting apart of North America from Eurasia. Two major lava flows covered the red sandstone valley in Meriden. Each cooled and hardened into trap rock (also known as basalt) and was gradually covered by sand and mud which eroded from the surrounding hills. Once the volcanic activity stopped, the whole region fractured and tilted to the west. Since then, hundreds of feet of the softer sandstone bedrock have eroded from the valley, leaving the dense, hard volcanic trap rock ridge layers standing out far above the surrounding landscape.</p><br>
<p>The Bexar County Courthouse is a historic building in downtown San Antonio, Texas, United States.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architect James Riely Gordon, and borders Main Plaza, along with such other architectural landmarks as the Cathedral of San Fernando. The style is Romanesque Revival, and the main material used is red sandstone. Ground was broken for Gordon&#39;s structure on August 4, 1891, and the cornerstone was laid December 17, 1892. After several delays, construction was fully completed in 1896. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse currently functions as the county seat of Bexar County.</p><br>
<p>In the years of 1870-1910, almost every town in Texas had built a courthouse. The Bexar County Courthouse is the largest and oldest courthouse that is still operating in Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Architect</h2><br>
<p>James Riely Gordon was the architect of the courthouse. He was born in Winchester, Virginia. His family moved to San Antonio, where he did most his work, when he was 11. In 1891, Gordon won a competition that would get him the commission of the Bexar County Courthouse. He has accounted for 18 courthouses, in which 12 of those still stand today. There are only a couple that aren&#39;t in Texas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There has been four major additions to the courthouse. The first one happened in 1914. The second one in 1923 was a massive remodeling and expansion to accommodate the growing population. Another expansion happened in 1963 where 9,000 square were added. The biggest expansion happened in 1972 where almost 39,000 square feet was added to the building. In total, the building is about 300,000 square feet.</p><br>
<p>There has been a recent finished restoration project that costed $9.1 million. It included the restoration of the original building. This recent restoration project removed the 1963 and 1972 additions. It seems that the main goal of this project was to return the courthouse to its original plan as much as they could, although the original plan before any additions cannot be found. This restoration improved the building by creating new entrances and a new stairway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A four story red sandstone building. It is Romanesque Revival. The main entrance is an arched entrance. The courthouse has lived through major political changes which charged a lot of the unneeded expansions or renovations. It was rededicated in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon State Capitol is the building housing the state legislature and the offices of the governor, secretary of state, and treasurer of the USA state of Oregon. It is located in the state capital, Salem. Constructed from 1936 to 1938 and expanded in 1977, the current building is the third to house the Oregon state government in Salem. The first two capitols in Salem were destroyed by fire, one in 1855 and the other in 1935.</p><br>
<p>New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston conceived the current structure&#39;s Art Deco stripped classical design in association with Francis Keally. Much of the interior and exterior is made of marble. The Oregon State Capitol was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 29, 1988.</p><br>
<p>The federal government&#39;s Public Works Administration partially financed construction which was completed during the Great Depression in 1938. The building was erected at a cost of $2.5 million for the central portion of the building, which includes a cupola of 166 ft. The wings, which doubled the floor space of the building to about 233,750 ft&sup2, were added later for $12.5 million. The grounds outside the capitol building contain artwork, fountains, and flora, including the state tree (Douglas fir) and state flower (Oregon grape).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the creation of the Oregon Territory in 1848, the Oregon Country provisional government, through legislation on June 27, 1844, and December 19, 1845, selected Oregon City as Oregons first capital. J. Quinn Thornton described an early capitol building as 20 by 40 feet with a platform at one end for the president. One of the private buildings this government used was constructed by John L. Morrison in 1850; it served as a capitol until the government moved to Salem. Governor Joseph Lane affirmed Oregon Citys status as capital by proclamation. In 1850, the legislature passed an act designating Salem the capital. However, Governor John P. Gaines refused to relocate, on the basis that the same act located the university in Corvallis and the penitentiary in Portland; he declared the act unconstitutional, on the grounds that the authority to locate those institutions was his, and the Territorial Supreme Court concurred; the governor and most of the Supreme Court remained in Oregon City. Justice Orville C. Pratt, who had dissented, relocated to Salem; on May 14, 1852 an act of the United States Congress settled the matter in Salem&#39;s favor.</p><br>
<p>On January 13, 1855, the Oregon Territorial Legislature passed a bill moving the seat of government from Salem to Corvallis. Governor George Law Curry and many others objected to the move, since public buildings in Salem were already under construction. Curry sent the matter to the Secretary of the Treasury in Washington, D.C., where Secretary James Guthrie declared the move invalid unless acted on by the United States Congress. Thereafter, Curry and Oregon Secretary of State Benjamin Harding moved back to Salem.</p><br>
<p>On December 3, 1855, the legislature convened in Corvallis and quickly introduced legislation to move the capital back to Salem. This bill passed on December 15, 1855. Three days later, the legislature re-convened in Salem. However, the statehouse burned down on the 29th, and the legislature re-opened debate about where to seat the capital. They decided to ask the people of the territory to vote on the question. A vote was to be held in June 1856, after which the two cities receiving the most votes would have a runoff. The initial vote set up a runoff between Eugene and Corvallis, but after some ballots were invalidated due to not being cast in accordance with the law, the two winners were Eugene and Salem. An October runoff gave Eugene the most votes, but the earlier vote-tossing led to a low turnout. With such low public participation, the election was ignored, and the capital remained in Salem.</p><br>
<p>A permanent resolution of the capital location issue came in 1864. In 1860, the legislature put the question once again to a popular vote. On a vote in 1862, no city received the 50 percent minimum required by law. In an 1864 election, Salem received 79 percent and was declared the state capital. The Oregon Constitution lists the seat of state government in Article XIV as Marion County, of which Salem is the seat.</p><br>
<h3>First capitol (1855)</h3><br>
<p>The land developed for the permanent capitol buildings was Salem block 84, sold to the state for this purpose by pioneer and Salem founder W. H. Willson. Construction of the first capitol building began in 1854, shortly after Congress confirmed Salem as the capital city. However, with the capital moving to Corvallis the next year, construction was temporarily halted. After the capitals return to Salem, the building was nearly completed by late 1855. This territorial capitol, of Greek Revival-style, stood 50 ft wide and 75 ft long (15 by 23 m), with a stone facade and a 10-foot (3 m) portico. Built of native ashlar blocks, the exterior walls, two stories high, ranged in color from a deep sky blue to white. The first floor was 19 ft tall and the second 15 ft tall with an eight-foot (2.4 m) entablature. The building was decorated with four Ionic columns on the front (west) end. The building housed a variety of rooms, including a federal courthouse with a chamber measuring 20 by 27 feet (6 by 8 m) and an executive office of 18 by 20 ft (5.5 by 6 m) on the first floor. Also on the first floor was the House chamber, measuring 36 by 46 feet (11 by 14 m) and having three entrances. The first floor also held the main hall, which included an entrance 15 ft wide. On the second floor was the Senate chamber, 26 by 36 feet (8 by 11 m). Additionally, the Territorial Library was housed in a room that was 20 by 36 feet (6 by 11 m). The second story also had a gallery viewing area for the House, three committee rooms, and several rooms for government clerks. The capitol was designed by Captain Charles Bennet, who participated in the discovery of gold at Sutters Mill in 1848, and construction supervised by William H. Richter at a total cost of $25,000.</p><br>
<h4>Fire</h4><br>
<p>On the evening of December 29, 1855, a fire destroyed the first capitol building and many of the territory&#39;s public records. Starting in the unfinished northeast corner of the structure, still unoccupied by the government, the fire was not discovered until around 12:30 am. Arson was suspected, but no one was arrested.</p><br>
<p>The site of the burned-out capitol building remained a pile of stones for several years after the fire. A downtown building, Nesmith&#39;s Building (later named the Holman Building), served as a temporary capitol from 1859 until 1876. The legislature met on the second and third floors of that building, which also housed the other state offices.</p><br>
<h3>Second capitol (1876–1935)</h3><br>
<p>Plans for a new building began to take shape in 1872 when the state legislature appropriated $100,000 ($ as of ) towards a new capitol building. This second capitol, built between 1873 and 1876, was a two-story structure with an additional first level that was partly underground; the total cost was $325,000 ($ as of ). The cornerstone for the building was laid on October 5, 1873, during a ceremony that included a speech by Governor Stephen F. Chadwick and the music of several bands. Construction, on the same site as the 1855 building, was partly accomplished with convict labor from the Oregon State Penitentiary. Architects Justus F. Krumbein and W.G. Gilbert designed the building.</p><br>
<p>Built of stone and five million bricks, Oregons new capitol measured 275 by 136 feet (84 by 41 m) with a dome of 180 ft. Additionally, the building had mullion-windowed wings. At that time, the capitol faced west toward the Willamette River. The government began using the building in August 1876, before the dome was built. Originally, plans called for towers on both sides of the dome (a tower on both ends of the building with the dome in the middle), but they were left out to save money. Oregons second capitol building stood from 1876 to 1935.</p><br>
<h4>1935 Fire</h4><br>
<p>On April 25, 1935, at 6:43 pm, a custodial engineer called the Salem Fire Department to report smoke. Citizens helped to remove items from the smoky building, but when firefighters arrived, they ordered everyone to leave the structure, which was soon engulfed in flame. Among the helping citizens was twelve-year-old Mark Hatfield, who later became governor of Oregon. The fire was determined to have started in the basement of the east wing and quickly spread to piles of old records stored there. A strong updraft in the hollow columns enclosing the dome&#39;s eight supporting steel lattice girders rapidly pulled the flames through the rotunda to the upper stories.</p><br>
<p>The flames could be seen as far away as Corvallis, 40 miles to the southwest. One volunteer firefighter, Floyd McMullen, a student at Willamette University, was killed by the fire, which drew firefighters from as far away as Portland. Salem sent seven fire trucks to the scene; three more came from Portland. Only the outer walls were left standing after the fire was extinguished. Losses were estimated at $1.5 million ($ as of ), and the state did not carry insurance. The losses, which included historic artifacts such as the portraits of the previous governors, could have been worse had the state not used fire-proof vaults in the basement to store valuables such as more than $1 million ($ as of ) in stocks and bonds. During the blaze, firefighters poured water on these vaults to help keep them cool and prevent the contents from disintegrating. Years earlier, the state had turned over many historical documents to the Oregon Historical Society in Portland for preservation, and those records were preserved. Although the Supreme Court had moved to the Oregon Supreme Court Building in 1914, the two buildings were connected by tunnels used for electricity and heating. At the time of the fire, the Oregon State Library was in the basement and first floor of the Supreme Court Building. Many books and documents in the basement suffered water damage when water used to fight the fire flooded tunnels and seeped into the Supreme Court Building. Offices previously housed in the capitol were moved temporarily to other government buildings and to leased space in downtown Salem until a new building was built.</p><br>
<h3>Third capitol (1938–present)</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the newest building began on December 4, 1936. The third state capitol was completed June 18, 1938 and is the fourth-newest capitol in the United States. The capitol was dedicated on October 1, 1938, with speeches from President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Leslie M. Scott, Robert W. Sawyer, and Oregon Governor Charles Henry Martin. Chosen from 123 entries in a countrywide competition, the design of the new building deviated from the normal design of state capitol buildings. The design was labeled a combination of Egyptian simplicity and Greek refinement. Overall it is Art Deco in style, and is one of only three state capitols in the United States constructed in that architectural style.</p><br>
<p>Controversy occurred before construction began when Governor Martin suggested the new building be sited on a hill south of downtown (Candalaria Heights) and away from the busy center of town. Another proposal called for the purchase of the Willamette University campus and relocation of the capitol to that site. However, downtown merchants were able to keep the capitol building in downtown at the original location, though some Victorian homes were subsequently leveled to make way for the building. Another early complaint about the structure was that the cupola resembled a "paint can" rather than traditional domes on other capitols, including the earlier Oregon structures. It was even called a "squirrel cage", lacking in majesty. Additionally, the public was slow to admire the gold Oregon Pioneer atop the dome. Installation of the statue began on September 17, 1938, and took several days and heavy-duty equipment.</p><br>
<p>The building cost $2.5 million ($ as of ), of which the federal government paid 45 percent through the Public Works Administration. Upon completion, the new capitol was 164 ft wide, 400 ft long, and 166 ft tall (50 by 122 by 51 m) and contained 131,750 ft&sup2; of usable space. The rotunda&#39;s staircases and floor used Phenix Napoleon Grey Marble quarried in Phenix, Missouri, and had borders of Radio Black marble that, like the exterior stone, is from Vermont. These rooms were added in 1977 as part of a $12.5 million ($ as of ) expansion project to add new wings containing legislative offices, hearing rooms, support services, a first floor galleria, and underground parking. In 2002, the wings were remodeled at a cost of $1.3 million ($ as of ) to upgrade items such as antiquated wiring and to install new carpeting and lighting.</p><br>
<p>On March 25, 1993, the magnitude 5.6 Scotts Mills earthquake damaged the cupola, requiring closure for repairs. The rotunda area remained closed for approximately two years for these repairs. This "Spring Break Quake" shook the building enough to shift the statue on top and crack the cupola. Additionally, the quake created a three-foot (one-meter) bulge on the west end of the building. Repairs cost $4.3 million ($ as of ) and included reinforcing the structure with additional concrete and steel bars.</p><br>
<p>In April 2002, the building became the first state capitol in the United States to produce solar power through the use of 60 photovoltaic panels generating 7.8 kilowatts. One-third of the power is used to light the Oregon Pioneer at night; the remaining electricity is sent into the power grid.</p><br>
<p>On December 31, 2007, the Oregon State Capitol hosted its first authorized wedding between Oregon State Representative Tobias Read and Heidi Eggert. At Reads encouragement, the Legislature created a policy authorizing up to four public events a year. On August 30, 2008, the building caught fire around 12:30 in the morning and was quickly extinguished with damage to the Governors offices on the second floor on the south side. The governor was forced to relocate some of his offices, including some time at the Oregon State Library across the street.</p><br>
<p>During a special session in December 2020, armed protesters demonstrated at the capitol against health restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon. In January 2021, a security video was released showing Representative Mike Nearman allowing protesters to enter the Capitol Building. As a result of his action, Nearman pleaded guilty to one count of official misconduct in the first degree and the Oregon House of Representatives voted 59–1 to expel him on the grounds of "disorderly behavior."</p><br>
<h2>Exterior and interior</h2><br>
<p>The Oregon State Capitol is home to both branches of the state legislature, the House and Senate, and has offices for the governor, treasurer, and the secretary of state. In its center, the floor of the prominent rotunda features an embedded Oregon State Seal sculpted in bronze by Ulric Ellerhusen. Ellerhusen also sculpted the Oregon Pioneer that rests atop the capitol domes exterior. The dome rises 106 ft above the state seal. The interior of the dome was painted by Frank H. Schwarz and features 33 stars, symbolizing Oregons place as the 33rd state to join the Union. Eight medallions are painted near the top of the walls of the rotunda that represent the eight objects in the state seal. An inscription on the rotunda south wall, facing the entrance from the north, reads:In the souls of its citizens will be found the likeness of the state which if they be unjust and tyrannical then will it reflect their vices, but if they be lovers of righteousness confident in their liberties so will it be clean in justice bold in freedom.Also encircling the interior of the rotunda are four murals depicting moments from Oregon history. One mural depicts Captain Robert Grays exploration of the Columbia River in 1792, another shows the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and two others portray covered wagons from pioneer times. These four murals were painted by Schwarz and Barry Faulkner. Other murals include the Provisional Government of Oregons salmon and wheat seal, the Oregon Territorys seal, and depictions of Oregons industries, all located in the rotundas wings along the grand staircase. The capitols galleria area on the first floor includes hearing rooms, display cases, and the visitor information area.</p><br>
<p>Oregons House chamber floor is covered with a custom carpet; the carpets pattern incorporates a depiction of the state tree, the Douglas-fir, representative of forestry. The furniture and paneling of the chamber is made of golden oak. A large mural painted by Faulkner, depicting the 1843 Champoeg Meetings at which the provisional government was formed, is behind the desk of the Speaker of the House. The Senate chambers use black walnut for the paneling and furniture. Another custom carpet lines the floor, featuring Chinook salmon and wheat, representative of fishing and agriculture. The Senates large mural was painted by Schwarz and depicts a street scene showing news of statehood reaching Salem. Lining the walls of both chambers are 158 names, inscribed in friezes, of prominent people in Oregons history. On the second floor of the capitol is the Governors suite, consisting of a ceremonial office and private offices for the states chief executive. As in the Senate chamber, the paneling is of black walnut. The ceremonial office includes a fireplace with a painting by Faulkner. In the suite&#39;s reception area is a table made of 40 tree species.</p><br>
<p>A variety of artwork is displayed on the exterior of the building. Sculptor Leo Friedlander used Vermont marble for the large relief sculptures on both sides of the main entrance. One sculpture depicts Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Sacagawea, with a map of their expeditions route on the reverse (Lewis and Clark); the other (Covered Wagon) shows pioneers and a covered wagon, with a map of the Oregon Trail on the reverse. Additionally, Ellerhusen created five marble relief sculptures on the exterior, and a metal sculpture by Tom Morandi sits above the south entrance. Ellerhusen also cast six bronze sculptures arranged above the buildings main entrance, three on the inside and three on the outside.</p><br>
<p>The building measures 693 by 259.5 ft (211.2 by 79.1 m). The older main portion of the building is 53.5 ft tall, while the newer wings added in 1977 are 68.7 ft tall. Inside, the building has approximately 233,750 ft&sup2; of floor area and 3.2 million cubic feet (90,600 cubic meters) of volume.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the Legislative Assembly established the non-profit Oregon State Capitol Foundation in order to "create a living history, enhance the dignity and beauty of the Capitol, and foster cultural and educational opportunities." In 2005, the foundation completed the Walk of the Flags project, a display in Willson Park on the capitol grounds of all 50 flags of the USA states.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the capitol wings closed for a restoration project to upgrade items such as furniture, plumbing, and electrical systems. The $34 million project became an issue in the 2008 Senate campaign between Gordon Smith and Jeff Merkley when Smith used the price of the project in ads attacking Merkley who was the Speaker of the Oregon House when the remodel was approved. Part of the attack involved the cost of new desks for legislators and staff that were manufactured by Oregon prison inmates. Renovations were completed in November 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The capitol grounds cover three city blocks and include Willson and Capitol parks. Throughout the grounds are native trees and shrubs, including blue spruce, Oregon-grape (the state flower), giant sequoia, coast redwood, Japanese maple, dogwood species, Bradford pear, cherry tree species, English holly, rhododendron, and magnolia tree species. One Douglas-fir tree was grown using a seed that rode aboard Apollo 14 to the Moon in 1971 and was transplanted to the capitol in 1976 from Oregon State University.</p><br>
<h3>East Capitol Park</h3><br>
<p>On the east side of the building is Capitol Park, which includes a bronze equestrian statue by A. Phimister Proctor called The Circuit Rider, statues of Jason Lee (Jason Lee) and John McLoughlin (John McLoughlin) by Gifford Proctor, and portions of the Corinthian columns of the second capitol building. Lee established the Methodist Mission and what would become Willamette University. McLoughlin, of the Hudsons Bay Company, was proclaimed the Father of Oregon. The Circuit Rider was added in 1924 as a monument to early preachers. During the Columbus Day Storm in 1962, this statue was knocked over and damaged but restored in 1963. There is also a memorial to Oregons recipients of the Medal of Honor, dedicated on September 18, 2004.</p><br>
<h3>West Willson Park</h3><br>
<p>To the west of the building is Willson Park, named for Salem founder William H. Willson and sited roughly at the center of his former landholdings. From 1853 to 1965 it was a Salem city park. After the park was turned over to the state, Lloyd Bond and Associates were asked to redesign the park. Willson Park features the Oregon World War II Memorial, the Waite Fountain, a gazebo built in 1982, and Peter Helzers sculpture, A Parade of Animals (1991), which was designed as a play structure. Waite Fountain was donated in honor of Oregon businessperson E. M. Waite in 1907 by his wife. The Breyman Fountain, added in 1904 as a memorial to Werner and Eugene Breyman, is at the far west end of the park. It was originally decorated with a statue of a soldier from the Spanish–American War and also served as a lamp post and horse trough. Today the statue holds no water and is sometimes planted with flowers. In 2005, a Walk of Flags feature was added that displays the flags of every state in the Union. In 2009, the nine flags of Oregons federally recognized Native American tribes were added to the Walk of Flags.</p><br>
<p>Other features on the capitol grounds include Sprague Fountain and the Wall of Water. The Wall of Water is located across Court Street from the main entrance. It was added in 1990 and has 22 nozzles shooting water 12 ft into the air in a plaza that also has slabs of stone with information about Oregon&#39;s history. Added in 1985, the Capitol Beaver Family sculpture represents the state animal. Additional features of the grounds include a peace pole donated by the Society of Prayer for World Peace, a large boulder that once lay along the Oregon Trail, a planter that spells out "Oregon" using shrubs, and a rose garden maintained by the Salem Rose Society.</p><br>
<p>The Valley Cemetery  is a public cemetery located in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States. It is bounded on the east by Pine Street, on the north by Auburn Street, on the west by Willow Street, and on the south by Valley Street, from which it derives its name. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2004, and the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery came into existence in 1840, when the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company donated 20 acre of land in downtown Manchester to the city for the purpose of creating a public burial ground. In 1841, the city created the Valley Street Cemetery. It was designed as a "garden cemetery", meant to be a place where the public could stroll along its walkways, carriage paths and bridges. In this Victorian Era, "garden cemeteries", in which not only the dead resided, but the living communed with each other and with nature, were popular. By the late 1850s, the cemetery was nearly filled, and the much larger Pine Grove Cemetery was created. That cemetery lies to the west of Calef Road and to the east of the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<p>A receiving tomb was built at Valley Cemetery in 1888, used to store the deceased during winter when the ground was frozen. In 1907, Mrs. Hannah Currier donated gates at Auburn and Chestnut Streets in honor of her late husband, Moody Currier, who had served as governor of New Hampshire (1885–1887). A chapel in the English Gothic style was completed in 1932, replacing a wooden chapel that stood at the same site. The new building was designed by Manchester architect Chase R. Whitcher. The stone structure is now in bad repair and has been closed for many years. There are 13 private mausoleums in the cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration efforts</h3><br>
<p>By the end of the 20th century, the cemetery was recognized by many to be in serious decline, and its heritage as a garden cemetery had long since been forgotten by most. In 2002, the interest of Education Continuum at Southern New Hampshire University spurred the creation of, a non-profit community organization dedicated to raising funds for the cemetery and overseeing its restoration. The group has partnered with city officials to coordinate maintenance efforts and has raised hundreds of thousands of dollars in grants for future restoration. A master plan has been written that will guide future restoration of the cemetery. The Currier Gate was restored in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003, Friends of the Valley Cemetery has hosted an annual strawberry festival in the cemetery, emphasizing its previous heritage as a "garden cemetery" that exists to be enjoyed by residents.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent burials</h2><br>
<p>Many of the city&#39;s leaders have been buried at Valley Cemetery, including:</p><br>
<p>Manchester mayors Jacob F. James, Warren L. Lane, Alonzo Smith, David A. Bunton, Darwin J. Daniels, Joseph B. Clark, David B. Varney and William C. Clarke</p><br>
<p>Governor Frederick Smyth (1819–1899), whose imposing tomb is one of the jewels of the cemetery</p><br>
<p>Governor Moody Currier (1806–1898)</p><br>
<p>Congressman Ira Allen Eastman (1809–1881)</p><br>
<p>Senator Daniel Clark (1809–1891)</p><br>
<p>Abolitionist campaigner Rev. Andrew Foss</p><br>
<p>Aretas Blood (1816–1897), owner of the Amoskeag Locomotive Works, and his wife Lavinia Kendall Blood, founder of the Manchester Women&#39;s Aid and Relief Society in 1875</p><br>
<p>Gov. Ezekiel A. Straw (1819–1882), an engineer for the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company who laid out the street grid for the city of Manchester</p><br>
<p>Brigadier general Joseph Carter Abbott, a Union veteran of the American Civil War who remained in the American South following the war and was active in local politics there. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a USA Senator from North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Delaware Park–Front Park System is a historic park system and national historic district in the northern and western sections of Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The park system was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux and developed between 1868 and 1876.</p><br>
<p>The park system was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Components</h2><br>
<p>The Delaware Park–Front Park System encompasses the following parts:</p><br>
<h3>Delaware Park</h3><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the Buffalo, New York parks system and located in the North Buffalo neighborhood. The 376 acre park was named simply The Park by Olmsted; it was later renamed Delaware Park because of its proximity to Delaware Avenue, Buffalo&#39;s mansion row. It is divided into two areas: the 243 acre "Meadow Park" on the east and the 133 acre "Water Park", with what was originally a 43 acre lake, on the west. The 12 acre ravine and picnic grove on the south side of the lake comprise a subdivision of the latter. Olmsted dammed Scajaquada Creek to create the lake, originally called Gala Water, then Delaware Park Lake, and now known as Hoyt Lake. The lake was a feature during the Pan-American Exposition. The Scajaquada Expressway bisects the park west to east.</p><br>
<p>The Albright-Knox Art Gallery occupies the parks western edge, overlooking Hoyt Lake, and the Buffalo History Museum is situated on its northern edge, overlooking Scajaquada Creek. The park is home to Shakespeare in Delaware Park, a summer tradition since the mid-1970s, and the second largest free outdoor Shakespeare festival in the United States (after New York Citys). It is also the location of the Buffalo Zoo on the east side of Meadow Park. The park has a golf course, two baseball diamonds, a softball diamond, cross country running, tennis courts, and soccer fields.</p><br>
<p>Contributing structures are: Caretakers Cottage (1889); Lincoln Parkway Bridge (1900), designed by Green and Wicks; Rose Garden Pergola (1912); Stone Bridge (ca. 1887), the only remaining structure from the original Olmsted plan; Parkside Lodge (1914); Rumsey Shelter (1900); Main Zoo Building (1935–1940); Shelter House (ca. 1900); and Elephant House (ca. 1912). Located north of the park are the Parkside East Historic District and Parkside West Historic District and to the south are the Elmwood Historic District–East and Elmwood Historic District–West, all listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h4>Statue of David</h4><br>
<p>The park is home to an exact replica of Michelangelos David. It is 18 feet tall and weighs 3000 pounds. The statue was dedicated in 1903, one of only three bronze replicas made of the original sculpture. At one time it included a fig leaf, which was not present in the original; this was later removed so David can be viewed in all his glory. When the statue was rededicated in 2013, it was given a new plaque which corrected the spelling of the artists name from Michael Angelo to Michelangelo.</p><br>
<h3>Gates Circle</h3><br>
<p>Originally Chapin Place, a 5 acre plot measuring 500 by at the intersection of Delaware Avenue, Lafayette Avenue, and Chapin Parkway. The circle&#39;s center contains a monumental sunken fountain constructed in 1904.</p><br>
<h3>Chapin Parkway</h3><br>
<p>Connects Gates Circle and Soldier&#39;s Place; 1,904 ft in length.</p><br>
<h3>Soldier&#39;s Place</h3><br>
<p>Consists of an 8.8 acre area 700 ft in diameter at the juncture of Bidwell Parkway, Lincoln Parkway, Bird Avenue, and Chapin Parkway. Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s William R. Heath House (1904) overlooks the circle at Bird Avenue.</p><br>
<h3>Lincoln Parkway</h3><br>
<p>A 200 ft, 9 acre thoroughfare, connecting Soldier&#39;s Place to Delaware Park; 1,965 ft in length.</p><br>
<h3>Bidwell Parkway</h3><br>
<p>A 200 ft, 10.7 acre thoroughfare, connecting Colonial Circle to Soldiers Place; 2,323 ft in length. At its intersection with Soldiers Place is a large bronze sculpture by Larry Griffiths titled Birds in Flight (1980).</p><br>
<h3>Colonial Circle</h3><br>
<p>Formerly Bidwell Place; a 5.4 acre plot, 510 by, at the intersection of Richmond Avenue, Bidwell Parkway, and Lafayette Avenue. The circle&#39;s center contains an equestrian statue of General Daniel D. Bidwell.</p><br>
<h3>Richmond Avenue</h3><br>
<p>Originally The Avenue; connects Symphony Circle to Colonial Circle; 100 ft wide and 6,022 ft in length. It traverses Ferry Circle at West Ferry Street.</p><br>
<h3>Ferry Circle</h3><br>
<p>A 300 ft circle at the intersection of West Ferry Street, Massachusetts Street, and Richmond Avenue.</p><br>
<h3>Symphony Circle</h3><br>
<p>Originally known as just The Circle. A 500 ft, 4.5 acre circle at the juncture of Porter Avenue with Richmond Avenue, North Street, Pennsylvania Street, and Wadsworth Street. Due south of the circle lies First Presbyterian Church, Buffalo&#39;s oldest congregation. Kleinhans Music Hall is located on the southeast side of the circle; it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989. The circle is located within the Allentown Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Porter Avenue</h3><br>
<p>A former city street incorporated into the parks system; connects Symphony Circle to Columbus Park and Front Park.</p><br>
<h3>Columbus Park</h3><br>
<p>Formerly Prospect Park; located at the intersection of Niagara Street and Porter Avenue; the site of the Connecticut Street Armory. The park is located adjacent to D&#39;Youville College and is home to a branch of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. The Shelter House (ca. 1908) is a contributing structure.</p><br>
<h3>Front Park</h3><br>
<p>Formerly The Front; a 32 acre park located at the beginning of the Niagara River and overlooking Lake Erie. The park is home to the USA entrance to the Peace Bridge, erected in 1927 on the site of the former Fort Porter, and includes baseball diamonds, large open playing fields, and tennis courts. The park contains a monument to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. The Picnic Shelter (ca. 1900) is a contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>The Nevada State Capitol is the capitol building of the USA state of Nevada located in the state capital of Carson City at 101 North Carson Street. The building was constructed in the Neoclassical Italianate style between 1869 and 1871. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is also Nevada Historical Marker number 25.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Abraham Curry, the founder of Carson City, reserved an area equivalent to four city blocks (10 acres or 4.04 ha) at the center of the town for the future state capitol. When the Capitol building was constructed, it was naturally located on "the plaza", which had, some ten or eleven years earlier, been designated for it, and given for that purpose. Mark Twain wrote in his book Roughing It that the capitol site was in 1861 "a large, unfenced, level vacancy, with a liberty pole in it, and very useful as a place for public auctions, horse trades, mass meetings, and likewise for teamsters to camp in."</p><br>
<p>The "act to provide for the erection of a State Capitol" was passed by the Nevada Legislature and signed into law by Governor Henry G. Blasdel during 1869. The Board of Capitol Commissioners received bids of $84,000 to $160,000 for construction and they chose the lowest bid, submitted by Peter Cavanaugh and Son of Carson City. The 1869 act authorized $100,000 for construction, with money to come from a special tax levy, plus the proceeds from the sale of some public land. To reduce costs, the building sandstone was obtained free of charge from the Nevada State Prison quarry, just outside Carson City. In spite of this, the construction costs increased to some $170,000, exceeding even the high bid.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone was laid on June 9, 1870. A brass box that served as a time capsule was deposited in the stone. The cornerstone was a solid block of sandstone, laid on top of blocks which contained the capsule. The capsule was inspected and returned to the cornerstone location (the northeast corner of the original building) during reconstruction in the 1979–81 period.</p><br>
<p>The fourth session of the state legislature met in the still-incomplete building at the beginning of 1871. Construction was completed by May 1, 1871. Several of the architect&#39;s original drawings are preserved in the state archives.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original building was cruciform, with a central rectangle 76 ft wide by 85 ft deep (23 x 25.8 m). It had two wings, each 35 ft wide by 52 ft deep (10.6 x 15.8 m). The windows&#39; glass panes are made of 26-ounce (737 g) French crystal, as are those above the doors. Floors and wainscotting are of Alaskan marble, shipped to San Francisco in 20-ton (18,144 kg) blocks and there cut and polished for installation.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contained a major office at each corner connected by central halls, while the wings of the second floor were filled by the two legislative chambers—the Assembly and the Senate. The octagonal dome topped with a cupola admitted light to the second story. During 1906, an octagonal Annex was added to the rear (east) of the capitol to house the State Library.</p><br>
<p>By the early 20th century, the legislature had outgrown the capitol, and prominent Nevada architect Frederic DeLongchamps was contracted to design northern and southern legislative wing-annexes, completed in time for the 1915 session. These compatible wings used stone from the same quarry as the original portion of the capitol, and provided more office space and expanded legislative chambers.</p><br>
<h2>Artwork and exhibits</h2><br>
<p>A painted frieze in hallways of the first floor celebrates industry in Nevada, listing agricultural products and minerals found in Nevada mines. A vault door in the office of the Secretary of State of Nevada is painted with a scene of Lake Tahoe. Portraits of all governors of Nevada hang throughout the building.</p><br>
<p>Near the office of the Nevada Commission for Women, a display named Silver State Sisters documents about 100 individuals (mostly women) who have contributed to Nevada history such as Barbara Vucanovich, Bernice Mathews, and Wild Horse Annie and groups of women, such as the first non-segregated showgirls at the Moulin Rouge Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts of Nevada history on display include Paiute crafts and a section of the rope used to hang the man convicted of the murder of folk heroine Julia Bulette.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>For more than 50 years, all three parts of the state government were housed in the Capitol. The Supreme Court met here until 1937, when it relocated into an adjacent building, and the Nevada Legislature met here until 1971, when it relocated to its new Legislative Building just south of the Capitol. Every Nevada governor except the first has had his office in the capitol. Nowadays, the Capitol continues to serve the Governor, and contains historical exhibits on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Robinson House is a historic guest house located at the junction of Naamans Road  and The Kings Highway  in Claymont, Delaware, in the United States. It was built in 1723, on the site of the original settlement on Naaman&#39;s Creek. The Block House, which stands a few yards northeast of the Robinson House, is the only remaining building from the original 1654 settlement.</p><br>
<p>George Washington, General Anthony Wayne, the Marquis de Lafayette, and "Light Horse" Harry Lee were all guests at the Robinson House. From 1914 to 1964, the Robinson House was home to the Naamans Tea House.</p><br>
<p>The Robinson House is currently the home of the Claymont Historical Society, the Darley Society, and the Naamans Heritage Association.</p><br>
<p>The Claymont Stone School, also known as Naaman&#39;s Creek School #1, is a historic schoolhouse built in 1805, on land donated by Founding Father John Dickinson, in Claymont, Delaware, on the Philadelphia Pike just south of the Darley House. The school was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. Its official Delaware State Historic Marker indicates that the school "may have been the first racially integrated public school in the State."</p><br>
<p>The original building was renovated in 1905 and expanded to become a two-room schoolhouse, serving the neighborhood of Claymont and the rural Naaman&#39;s Creek area as a school until the 1924–25 school year, when the Green Street School was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 the Stone School was converted to serve as a community center and public library, but in 1988 it was deemed structurally unsound. Thereafter, it stood empty, and the school district considered tearing it down until a group called Friends of the Claymont Stone School intervened to save the building, raising funds for its renovation and conversion into a museum and heritage center, which was completed in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Darley House, located in Claymont, New Castle County, Delaware, at 3701 Philadelphia Pike, at the intersection of Philadelphia Pike and Darley Road, is the former home of world-renowned illustrator Felix Octavius Carr Darley .</p><br>
<p>Upon his marriage in 1859, F. O. C. Darley moved to Claymont, Delaware where he worked for the next 19 years. Built in the late 18th century and enlarged several times during the first half of the 19th century, the house was purchased by Darley in 1863 and renamed "The Wren’s Nest."</p><br>
<p>During his career, Darley made illustrations for works by Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles Dickens, and James Fenimore Cooper. Two of his most notable works were Irving&#39;s "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle." Charles Dickens visited here for two weeks during his triumphant tour of America in 1867. He died at his home-studio while finishing a Dickens portfolio in 1888.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Darley House is located across Darley Road from the Claymont Stone School, and is directly opposite Archmere Academy.</p><br>
<p>The Curtis Memorial Library, now the Augusta Curtis Cultural Center, is a historic former library building at 175 East Main Street in Meriden, Connecticut. It was designed by New Haven architect Richard Williams in the Classical Revival style, and was completed in 1903. The building was a gift to the city from Augusta Munson Curtis in honor of her husband George, who was one of the city&#39;s leading businessmen and onetime mayor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Curtis Cultural Center is located in the historic civic center of Meriden, set on a knoll at the southeast corner of East Main and Pleasant Streets. It is a two-story masonry structure, built out of white Vermont marble. It presents as a single-story structure, with the second floor only evident due to a high parapet above the main cornice. A copper dome is placed at the center of the cruciform structure. The front projection houses the main entrance, which is deeply recessed in an opening that has flanking pilasters and two fluted Ionic columns set in antis. The interior retains many original features, including mosaic tile flooring, a red marble fireplace, and Corinthian columns supporting the dome.</p><br>
<p>Meridens first library was established in 1898 by the Thursday Morning Club, an association of local women, and was kept in a private home. In 1900 August Munson Curtis offered to buy land and fund construction of a dedicated building. This building was completed in 1903, and was dedicated in honor of Curtis daughter Agnes and husband George; he was a prominent industrial executive and also served as mayor of the city.</p><br>
<p>The Center Street Cemetery is a historic cemetery on Center Street in Wallingford, Connecticut. Established about 1670, it is the towns oldest cemetery, and the burial site for many of the citys civic and industrial leaders. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Center Street Cemetery is located in Wallingford&#39;s town center, occupying most of a block bounded by South Colony Road, Center Street, South Orchard Street, and Prince Street. It is about 9.6 acre in size, its terrain basically level. Its main entrance is near the western end of its Center Street frontage, demarcated by an Egyptian Revival gateway. A secondary entrance is located on Orchard Street, and the internal circulation is defined in part by a series of allées lined by mature sycamore trees, with gravel and grass paths in between. Graves are generally organized in open settings -- there are no fenced burial plots. Layout of the burials varies depending on the practices of the period: early graves, mainly in the western third, were placed without noticeable planning, while the eastern two-thirds are organized into a grid pattern. Funerary markers consist of a cross-section of materials and styles, spanning more than three centuries of history.</p><br>
<p>Lyman Hall, a native of Connecticut who moved to Georgia and was a signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, is memorialized here, as is Moses Yale Beach, newspaper publisher and founder of the Associated Press. The tomb, set on the north end of the 300-year-old Center Street Cemetery, lies near the graves of such other notaries as Thomas Yale, brother of the founder of Yale University; and Joseph Benham, whose daughter and granddaughter were the last people in New England to be tried for witchcraft. In addition to such notables are stones marking the graves of the town&#39;s first settlers and those of soldiers who fought in the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the American Civil War and every other major conflict up to the present.</p><br>
<p>The South Carolina State House is the building housing the government of the USA state of South Carolina, which includes the South Carolina General Assembly and the offices of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina. Located in the capital city of Columbia near the corner of Gervais and Assembly Streets, the building also housed the Supreme Court until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The State House is in the Classical Revival style; it is approximately 180 ft tall, 300 ft long, 100 ft wide. It weighs more than 70,000 ST and has 130,673 ft2 of space.</p><br>
<h2>Old South Carolina State House</h2><br>
<p>The old State House was constructed between 1786 and 1790. James Hoban, a young Irishman who emigrated to Charleston shortly after the Revolution, was the architect. Upon the recommendation of Henry Laurens, President Washington engaged him to design the executive mansion in Washington. Old pictures of the two buildings show architectural similarities.</p><br>
<p>The old State House was destroyed during the burning of Columbia in 1865.</p><br>
<h2>Historic photos</h2><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The South Carolina State House was designed first by architect P. H. Hammarskold. Construction began in 1851, but the original architect was dismissed for fraud and dereliction of duty. Soon thereafter, the structure was largely dismantled because of defective materials and workmanship. John Niernsee redesigned the structure and work began on it in 1855, slowed during the Civil War, and was suspended in 1865 as General W.T. Sherman&#39;s USA Army entered Columbia on February 17. Several public buildings were "put to the torch" when United States troops entered the city.</p><br>
<p>The new capitol building, still under construction, was damaged by artillery shells. The old capitol building was set afire by USA Army troops under Sherman&#39;s command.</p><br>
<p>Reconstruction-era poverty slowed progress. The buildings main structure was finally completed in 1875. From 1888 to 1891, Niernsees son, Frank McHenry Niernsee, served as architect and much of the interior work was completed. In 1900 Frank Pierce Milburn began as architect, but was replaced in 1905 by Charles Coker Wilson who finally finished the exterior in 1907. Additional renovations were made in 1959 and 1998.</p><br>
<p>The State House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its significance in the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The land around the South Carolina State House has changed dramatically since the construction of the first State House in Columbia in 1786. The grounds were not manicured or designed and the public consistently commented upon the site as a disgrace to the state. With the erection of the current State House in the 1850s at the center of Main (Richardson) Street, the grounds were extended to Sumter Street to the east but remained an active construction site until after the Civil War and the burning of Columbia and the grounds. The state legislatures following Reconstruction were the first to make plans for the grounds design. Landscape architect Edward Otto Schwagerl drew plans in 1878 for a picturesque plan of winding paths and drives to surround the building; it made no suggestions for the location or erection of monuments, was only partially executed, and was poorly maintained. Complaints about the grounds led the citys Civic Improvement League to design a plan for the grounds improvement and expansion as part of a City Beautiful master plan for the city from Boston firm Kelsey & Guild in 1904, but it was never executed. Monuments were added to the grounds during this period with little consideration of their overall configuration or relationship to the building and the public continued to complain about the propertys condition into the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The grounds also include the following monuments:</p><br>
<p>Grave of Swanson Lunsford - buried 1799; markers erected 1837 and 1953. The only person buried on the grounds, Lunsford was a Revolutionary War veteran and an early commissioner of the city of Columbia.</p><br>
<p>President George Washington: bronze replica cast in 1857, purchased by South Carolina in 1858; replica of Jean-Antoine Houdons Washington statue at the Virginia State Capitol. Erected to connect Washingtons role as a revolutionary and slaveholder to the politics of South Carolinian planters.</p><br>
<p>Palmetto Monument - The legislature appropriate funds for this monument, created by Christopher Werner, in 1856; it is a cast iron and copper palmetto commemorating the Palmetto Regiment, South Carolinas soldiers in the Mexican-American War. South Carolina had a vested interest in the wars outcomes as the acquisition of new territory changed the balance of states in the USA Congress.</p><br>
<p>Wade Hampton III - This 16-foot bronze equestrian statue of Hampton, a Confederate general and later South Carolina governor and USA Senator, was unveiled in November 1906. It was modeled by Frederick W. Ruckstull and represents Hampton as both a commander of the Confederate cavalry (body and horse) and as the states first post-Reconstruction governor (head). The first major equestrian monument in the state, it celebrates the Lost Cause and the "redemption" of white Democrats over the majority Black Republican legislatures of Reconstruction. The sculpture was moved from its original location on axis with Hamptons grave at Trinity Cathedral on the grounds&#39; northeast side to its current location in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Revolutionary War Generals (dedicated 1913): monument sculpted by Frederic W. Ruckstull and commissioned by the South Carolina chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution; honors Andrew Pickens, Thomas Sumter and Francis Marion.</p><br>
<p>South Carolina Monument to the Confederate Dead - This Confederate memorial was erected in 1879, and was unveiled before a crowd of 15,000. The obelisk was designed by Muldoon, Walker and Cobb and the sculpture designed by Carlo Nicoli. The South Carolina Monument Association, a group of white women, originally conceived of the sculpture in 1869 as an early example of Confederate commemoration and the Lost Cause commemoration. They planned it for a different location (Taylors Hill near the governors mansion), but the end of Reconstruction and ousting of the biracial, Republican-led state legislature made it possible for the sculpture and obelisk to be erected on the State House grounds. It was installed on the northeast side of the grounds following the 1876 election of Governor Wade Hampton III in a fraudulent and violent election. The statue atop the monuments obelisk was largely destroyed by lightning in 1882, but was replaced by the state two years later and relocated to its current site on axis with the State Houses north entrance. A Confederate battle flag flew on a pole behind the monument from 2000 until it was removed in 2015 by a state bill following the murder of nine African Americans at Mother Emanuel AME Church in Charleston. Before 2000, the Confederate flag had flown over the buildings dome since the legislatures 1962 concurrent resolution during the commemoration of the Civil War centennial (the resolution failed to designate a time for its removal). The flag was moved near the monument on July 1, 2000, after the passage of the South Carolina Heritage Act and decades of debate and boycotts of the state over the issue. It was then removed from the grounds on July 10, 2015, by order of Republican governor Nikki Haley, and given to the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum.</p><br>
<p>Monument to Women of the Confederacy - a bronze Confederate monument, by Frederic W. Ruckstull, erected in 1912 and promoted by the United Confederate Veterans. Originally located on the south steps of the State House, it was moved to the northeast corner of the grounds in 1935 and then to its current location circa 1972.</p><br>
<p>Mount for Spanish Cannon - The USA government gifted the city of Columbia an eighteenth-century Spanish cannon captured in the July 1898 Battle of Santiago as a monument to the Spanish-American War. It was mounted on the west side of the State House in 1900 on a granite carriage and rested there until the cannon was scrapped during World War II. The mount sits near its original location with plaques that recognize it as a monument to both the Spanish-American War and to the civilian effort during World War II.</p><br>
<p>Gun from USS Maine - The city of Columbia erected this gun, retrieved from Havana Harbor in 1910, as a monument to the Spanish-American War in Irwin Park near the Columbia Canal in 1913. It was moved to the State House grounds in 1931 and rededicated with a Confederate battle flag, Union Jack, and USA flag draping it as a celebration of the Spanish-American War&#39;s reconciliation of Americans from the North and South.</p><br>
<p>James F. Byrnes - A monument to this longtime South Carolina politician was erected in 1972 after a private fundraising effort.</p><br>
<p>Strom Thurmond - In the late 1990s, the state erected a statue in honor of the former South Carolina governor, USA senator, and Dixiecrat candidate for president. The original inscription of the names of Thurmond&#39;s children were later altered to include the name of Essie Mae Washington-Williams, the daughter of Thurmond and an African American maid.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Tillman (dedicated 1940) - USA Senator; this monument is controversial due to Tillman&#39;s virulent racism, support for Jim Crow, and advocacy of terrorizing blacks who attempted to vote during Reconstruction. In 2017, protestors called for its removal.</p><br>
<p>Dr. J. Marion Sims - A monument to Sims, a South Carolina physician and pioneer in gynecology, is located on State House grounds near the intersection of Assembly and Gervais streets. This monument is controversial because Sims engaged in surgical experimentation on enslaved women without anesthesia.</p><br>
<p>African-American History Monument - authorized by Act 457 of the General Assembly and unveiled on March 26, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Law Enforcement Memorial - Erected in 2005, this memorial honors South Carolina law enforcement officers killed while on duty.</p><br>
<p>Spanish-American War Veterans Monument - installed on October 22, 1941 and dedicated by the State of South Carolina and the United States Spanish War Veterans. It commemorates the veterans of the Spanish-American War, the Philippine Insurrection and the China Relief Expedition. In 1932, South Carolina veterans of the Spanish-American War proposed the statue as a way to acknowledge how the war united Southerners and Northerners after the Civil War. Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson designed the monument, which is the only female artist-designed monument on the grounds of the State House. The monument is a bronze cast of Kitson&#39;s statue The Hiker, which is used in Spanish-American War monuments throughout the United States.</p><br>
<p>Captain Swanson Lunsford (d. 1799), a Virginia-born American Revolutionary War officer who once owned land that is now part of the State House, is buried on State House grounds, along with a marker erected by his descendants in 1953.</p><br>
<h2>Statehouse grounds gallery</h2><br>
<p>Jolly Mill was built on Capps Creek at Jollification, Berwick Township, Newton County, Missouri, United States in 1848 by Thomas Isbell and his son John to serve as a whiskey distillery. Jolly Mill was named for the local Jolly family. The mill also served as a grist mill, and continued to operate in that capacity until 1975. Due to the flood in late December 2015, the park was heavily damaged.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The success of the mill led to the establishment in the 1850s and subsequent growth of the town of Jollification, the name referring to the unnaturally jovial disposition of the people who worked in and around the distillery.</p><br>
<p>The town was burned during the Civil War, but the mill survived. The town was somewhat rebuilt. In 1870, the railroad bypassed what was left of Jollification, which ultimately led to its dissolution.</p><br>
<p>The mill was purchased in 1983 by The Friends of Jolly Mill and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, under the care of The Friends of Jolly Mill, the mill has undergone somewhat of a renaissance. The mill and surrounding land have been restored and converted into a park, with many period buildings moved in from other locations in an attempt to replicate the look and feel of the town of Jollification.</p><br>
<p>The mill is also a primary trout-fishing location, managed by the Missouri Department of Conservation as Capps Creek White Ribbon Trout Area. Four miles of trout stream are stocked with rainbow and brown trout periodically, and fishermen are permitted to harvest up to 4 trout per day.</p><br>
<p>Whitehall is a 75-room, 100,000 square foot  Gilded Age palace type mansion open to the public in Palm Beach, Florida in the United States. Completed in 1902, it is a major example of neoclassical Beaux Arts architecture designed by Carrère and Hastings for Henry Flagler, a leading captain of industry in the late 19th century, and a leading developer of Florida as a tourist destination. The building is listed a National Historic Landmark. It now houses the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum, named after its builder.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry Flagler, one of the founders of Standard Oil, built Whitehall for his third wife, Mary Lily Kenan.</p><br>
<p>The site of the home was purchased for $50,000 in 1893 (as of 2010 that would be $1,197,562.39) by Flagler. The site was later surveyed for construction in July 1900 and the home was completed in time for Flagler and his wife to move in on February 6, 1902. The architects were John Carrère and Thomas Hastings, who had earlier designed the Ponce de Leon Hotel and several other buildings in St. Augustine for Flagler. Whitehall was to be a winter residence, and Henry gave it to Mary Lily as a wedding present. They would travel to Palm Beach each year in one of their own private railcars, one of which was No. 91.</p><br>
<p>Flagler died of injuries sustained in falling down a flight of marble stairs at Whitehall in 1913, at the age of 83. Mary Lily died four years later, and the home was devised to her niece Louise Clisby Wise Lewis, who sold the property to investors. They constructed a 300-room, ten-story addition to the west side of the building, obliterating Mr. Flaglers offices and the housekeepers apartment, and altering the original kitchen and pantry area. Carrere and Hastings were the architects of the 1925 reconstruction. In 1939 it was described as a $4,000,000 building and Palm Beach&#39;s second-largest hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1959, the site was saved from demolition by one of Henry Flagler&#39;s granddaughters Jean Flagler Matthews. She established the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum non-profit corporation, which purchased the building in 1959, opening it as a museum in 1960. The upper ten stories of the hotel addition were demolished in 1963 in preparing the museum for the public.</p><br>
<p>Today, Whitehall is a National Historic Landmark and is open to the public as the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum, featuring guided tours, exhibits, and special programs. The museum offers several programs, many of which are seasonal, lasting only from October to January. In addition to an annual chamber music series, the Flagler hosts the Whitehall lecture series, which brings “experts and best-selling authors to discuss Gilded Age topics, events, and local history.” Past lecture series include historical talks about the dawn of the Progressive Era, World War I, Gilded Age presidents, engineering feats, and Metaphysical America: Spirituality and Health Movements During the Gilded Age. The Flagler also holds a special exhibition each year, often showcasing Gilded Age paintings, sculptures, glamour photography, or material culture, such as board games, jewelry, cartoons, Tiffany & Co. silver pieces (including ones displayed at the 1893 Chicago Worlds Columbian Exposition), and womens fashion. It also hosts a variety of local galas and balls throughout the year. The Museum is located at Cocoanut Row and Whitehall Way in Palm Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>When it was completed in 1902, Whitehall was hailed by the New York Herald as "more wonderful than any palace in Europe, grander and more magnificent than any other private dwelling in the world." It was designed in the Beaux Arts style, meant to rival the extravagant mansions in Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>Distinct from these northern homes, Whitehall had no outbuildings or subsidiary structures. Nor had it elaborately planned or cultivated gardens. Plants, flowers, trees and shrubs were allowed to grow unaided.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is built around a large open-air central courtyard and is modeled after palaces in Spain and Italy. Three stories tall with several wings, the mansion has fifty-five fully restored rooms furnished with period pieces. These rooms are large with marble floors, walls and columns, murals on the ceilings, and heavy gilding.</p><br>
<h3>Flagler Kenan Pavilion</h3><br>
<p>Officially opened February 4, 2005, the $4.5-million Flagler Kenan Pavilion is the first addition to the property since 1925. The 8,100 ft&sup2; pavilion is named after the mogul and William R. Kenan Jr., Flaglers engineer, friend and brother-in-law. It was designed in the Beaux-Arts manner by Jeffery W. Smith of Palm Beach-based Smith Architectural Group, Inc. and took almost four years to build. The featured display in this pavilion is Railcar No. 91, Flaglers private railcar built in Delaware in 1886. According to the museum, the car was restored using “documentation from the National Museum of American History, the Smithsonian, the Delaware State Archives, and the Hagley Museum and Library in Delaware.” It also houses the seasonal Pavilion Café and tea service.</p><br>
<p>The Egyptian Building is a historic college building in Richmond, Virginia, completed in 1845. It was the first permanent home of the Medical Department of Hampden-Sydney College. In 1854, they received an independent charter after parting ways with the college. In 1893, the building became the inaugural home for the Medical College of Virginia, MCV) and now is a part of Virginia Commonwealth University. It is considered by architectural scholars to be one of the finest surviving Egyptian Revival-style buildings in the nation. The Egyptian Building was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register in 1968, the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971. It is the oldest medical college building in the South.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After several years based in the Union Hotel, the Hampden-Sydney College board decided they needed a space specifically created for medical education. Aid was sought to pay for the structure, and the Commonwealth offered a $25,000 loan while the City of Richmond donated $2,000. The board chose the noted Philadelphia architect, Thomas Somerville Stewart, who had just completed the new St Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church, to construct the new building. Stewart chose for his design the Egyptian Revival mode, considered to be an exotic style. This choice was deemed appropriate by the board because it was considered that the origins of medicine went back to the Egyptian physician, Imhotep. Sir William Osler wrote that Imhotep was the "first figure of a physician to stand out clearly from the mists of antiquity."</p><br>
<p>The Egyptian Building was originally called College Building, and later the Old College Building. The National Register of Historic Places considers it to be the oldest medical college building in the South. The battered corners of the walls of the structure recall the temples of ancient Egypt.</p><br>
<p>The building housed most educational activities until the 1890s and included medical lecture halls, a dissecting room, an infirmary and hospital beds for medical and surgical cases. The building was restored in 1939 by the architects, Baskervill and Son, in honor of Dr. Simon Baruch, an 1862 graduate of the Medical College of Virginia. At that time the interior of the building was remodeled to carry on the Egyptian style.</p><br>
<p>The building has been in continuous use since it was built in 1845. In 1969 it became a historic landmark, and in 1995 it celebrated its 150th anniversary. It has at one time or another been used by every school in the Medical College. The MCV campus has a strong sentimental attachment to the Egyptian Building, and it is the most prominent feature of the VCU seal. At Founders&#39; Day exercises held at the Egyptian Building in December 1940, historian Dr. Wyndham Blanton commented to alumni and guests:</p><br>
<p>What old Nassau Hall is to Princeton, what the Wren Building is to William and Mary, what the Rotunda is to the University of Virginia, the Egyptian Building is to the Medical College of Virginia. It is a shrine, a sanctuary of tradition, the physical embodiment of our genius. It is a spiritual heritage. In a world often accused of cold materialism, with an ideology of human self-sufficiency, and an adoration of objects that can be handled and seen, there is a need for things of the spirit, if science is to do more than make life safer, longer and more comfortable.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed from brick, stucco and cast iron. Its battered walls—thinner at the top than at the bottom—give an impression of solidity and height. This effect is emphasized by the relatively minimal windows for a five-story building. These windows are diamond paned and incorporated without a style break. A primary feature of the building is its distyle in antis porticoes with monumental columns at each end. The columns have intricate palm frond capitals. The shafts of each column represent bundles of reeds. Several obelisks flank the structure and are connected by a cast-iron fence that incorporates what appears to be hermai, resembling sarcophagi (mummy cases), forged by R. W. Barnes of Richmond.</p><br>
<p>Also prominent throughout the building is the use of the Winged sun disk. On the exterior it is found repeated in the cavetto cornices that cap the pylons. This winged disk represents Horus, as a sun disk with outstretched wings, flanked by the goddesses Bekbet and Uaset in the form of snakes. This is the form Horus took in Egyptian mythology when he battled the god Set.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the lotus flower design is used repeatedly. The interior colors have intentional symbolic meaning: red represents divine love; blue represents divine intelligence; and the golden yellow represents the mercy of God. Hieroglyphs are incorporated in the antechamber decorations and the floor tiles depict a large scarab beetle.</p><br>
<p>The lintel, or horizontal part of the doorjamb, bears a different set of messages. On the left is reads, "Tutankhamen: To whom life is given forever" and on the right it reads,"Tutankhamen: Living image of Amon." This message likely represents the fervor with which the public associated Egypt with the child Pharaoh, King Tut (Tutankhamen), who was discovered in 1922, very near to when this interior was remodeled.</p><br>
<p>The Paine Art Center and Gardens is a preserved historic estate with a mansion and gardens located in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. It includes public art galleries and botanic gardens on 3 acres, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Paine Mansion was built for lumber baron Nathan Paine and his wife, Jessie Kimberly Paine. In 1925, upon the recommendation of Mary K. Shirk (Jessie&#39;s sister), the Paines commissioned Bryant Fleming, an architect from Ithaca, New York to design the estate. From the beginning, the Paines wanted to design an estate that would showcase exceptional architecture, furnishings, art and natural beauty, which would be open to the public for educational and cultural purposes.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Tudor Revival style mansion began in 1927 and the exterior was completed by 1930. By 1932, when the Great Depression hit and crippled the Paine Lumber Company, all remaining work on the house came to a halt.</p><br>
<p>The Paines returned to the project in 1946 and established a non-profit organization to own and manage the estate for public benefit. Nathan Paine died in 1947 at the age of 77. Jessie oversaw the remaining work on the estate, and the property opened to the public in 1948. Until Jessies death in 1973 at the age of 100, she served as the museums president while residing in La Jolla, California. The Paines never lived in the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Paine estate features a historic house museum with art gallery, and is surrounded by extensive gardens.</p><br>
<p>The house contains French Barbizon school and American paintings, sculptures, and decorative woodworkings, Persian rugs, tapestries, and English and American silver and china. The Paine Center hosts changing exhibitions and offers educational programs related to historic architecture, art, and to nature.</p><br>
<p>The estates landscape gardens have twenty outdoor rooms&#39; and designed areas, in various historical—traditional and contemporary themes. They feature thousands of different plant species, serving as a botanical garden.</p><br>
<p>The Paine Art Center and Gardens is located at 1410 Algoma Boulevard in Oshkosh. It is open Tuesday-Sunday throughout the year, and an admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>Drayton Hall is an 18th-century plantation house located on the Ashley River about 15 miles  northwest of Charleston, South Carolina, and directly across the Ashley River from North Charleston, west of the Ashley in the Lowcountry. An example of Palladian architecture in North America and the only plantation house on the Ashley River to survive intact through both the Revolutionary and Civil wars, it is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house has a double projecting portico on the west facade, which faces away from the river and toward the land side approach from Ashley River Road. The portico resembles a similar feature at the Villa Cornaro near Venice, Italy, designed by Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1551. The floor plan of Drayton Hall is Palladian-inspired as well, perhaps derived from Plate 38 of James Gibbs&#39; A Book of Architecture, the influential pattern-book published in London in 1728. A large central entrance stair hall with a symmetrical divided staircase is backed by a large salon, flanked by square and rectangular chambers. Pedimented chimney-pieces in the house echo designs of Inigo Jones.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built for the grandfather of John Drayton, John Drayton Sr. (–1779; son of Thomas and Ann Drayton) after he bought the property in 1738. As the third son in his family, he knew he was unlikely to inherit his own nearby birthplace, now called Magnolia Plantation and Gardens.</p><br>
<p>For many decades, the house was thought to have been begun in 1738 and completed in 1752. In 2014, an examination of wood cores showed that the attic timbers were cut from trees felled in the winter of 1747–48. Because the attic framing would have to have been in place well before the completion of the interior finishes, the house is now thought to have been occupied by the early 1750s. The seven-bay, double-pile plantation house is within a 630 acre site that is part of the plantation based on indigo and rice and the former site of 13 slave cabins believed to have housed approximately 78 slaves. Seven generations of Drayton heirs preserved the house, though the flanking outbuildings have not survived: an earthquake destroyed the laundry house in 1886, and a hurricane destroyed the kitchen in 1893. John Drayton bought considerable property nearby from his nephew William Drayton, Sr., after the latter was appointed as chief justice of the Province of East Florida in the early 1770s and was leaving South Carolina. John Drayton consolidated the various Drayton properties, and his descendants have controlled them since.</p><br>
<p>The house is located in the Ashley River Historic District, it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. Drayton Hall is owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation and managed by the Drayton Hall Preservation Trust, which opened the house to the public in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Abraham Lincoln, also known as Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Business Car No. 101, is the oldest operable passenger car in the United States allowed to run on tracks operated by Amtrak. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and revenue use</h2><br>
<p>In 1910, with Robert Todd Lincoln as the company president, the Pullman Car Company suddenly changed from the 60 ft varnished wood railroad cars to the 80 ft, riveted-steel design. The new technology of the time was electric lighting, so the new cars required the addition of electrical wiring, switches, switchboards, generators, and batteries. Wood and steel trucks were replaced with massive structural steel castings.</p><br>
<p>It was September of this year that coach 895 was manufactured for the Western Pacific Railroad (WP) at an original cost of $13,624.50 (equivalent to $ in ). The car was configured as an 84-seat coach and was the culmination of the most modern design and construction of heavyweight steel cars from the Pullman Company. Pullman passenger cars such as the WP 895 were the ultimate in travel prior to World War I.</p><br>
<p>On January 11, 1924, coach 895 became Denver and Rio Grande Railroad (D&RG) number 926. At that time, its book value was given at $8,783.90 (equivalent to $ in ). In 1929, the railroad car was rebuilt by the D&RG in their Burnham shops, Denver, Colorado, to a self-contained private railroad car for the president of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (D&RGW). Numbered D&RG 101, it was complete with staterooms, office, bathrooms, observation room, kitchen, dining room, and porter&#39;s compartment. At this time, the 101 was refitted with six-wheel trucks (estimated book value of $580.65). The (used) 1910 trucks were from one of the three buffet-library cars originally built for the Western Pacific, which were renumbered 981, 982, and 984 in 1915-16. These buffet-library cars were moved to a lower service as D&RGW baggage cars 741, 742, and 744, and their six-wheel trucks replaced with two-axle trucks in 1929. Four of these trucks are the ones that found their way to the D&RG Car 101 and its sister car, the 102. The rebuild cost $33,294.22 (equivalent to $ in ) in December 1929 is when it received its present design and floor plan. At 190,000 lb, the D&RG Business Car 101 was the pride and status symbol of the powerful and elite in the business world, but within two weeks of its unveiling, the stock market crash of 1929 brought reality back into perspective.</p><br>
<p>The 101 was built and initially assigned to the president of the D&RGW and is a unique example of rail cars at the turn of the century. It has survived almost a hundred years as a rare example of "state of the art" 1910 railroad technology. The interior was distinguished by its hand crafted satin walnut lightly accented with bronze hardware and richly tailored fabrics.</p><br>
<h2>Retirement and restoration</h2><br>
<p>In September 1964, the car was retired and sold to Golden West Rail Tours. At this time, it had a book value of $47,659.60 (equivalent to $ in ), and accrued depreciation of $44,409.60 (equivalent to $ in ), for a net value of $3,250 (equivalent to $ in ). The car was later sold for scrap value.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 the car was purchased by Mr. Curtis Andrews and transported from Los Angeles to Tucson, Arizona, for eight months of mechanical rebuilding to make it certified for Amtrak use. The mechanical restoration included purchase and installation of newer (1945) trucks to replace the three-axle 1910 trucks which had been installed in the 1929 upgrade. These newer style integral cast trucks were once used under a US Army hospital car. The car also received a new brake system for its six axles and a 45-page engineering analysis. After rebuilding in Arizona, the car traveled to Spokane, Washington, via Amtrak and the final leg from Spokane to Bruce, Washington, a railroad siding and industrial site just east of Othello. The tradition of numbering this class of railroad cars had changed to giving the cars names, so this car was renamed the Abraham Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln antiquated elegance is not only rare, but it is also the oldest operational car in America allowed on tracks run by Amtrak. While one of only a handful of heavyweight steel Pullman Cars left in the United States, this attests to the knowledge of the early steel engineers, the attitude to make something last, and the desire for quality.</p><br>
<p>This car is named in honor of President Abraham Lincoln and should not be confused with the first private car in America, which was built for President Lincoln as a means to unite the nation after the civil war. Lincolns private car was used for his funeral train in 1865, leaving Washington on April 21, 1865, and arriving in Springfield, Illinois, on May 3. Lincolns funeral car was destroyed by fire in 1911 shortly after this car (as the Western Pacific coach 895) went into service. Quite by coincidence, the D&RG 101 had been built 101 years after President Lincoln was born.</p><br>
<p>The extensive restoration of the Abraham Lincoln has returned it to the simple elegance of the 1920s. In July 1988, the Abraham Lincoln was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which records the tangible reminders of the history of the United States and is the official list of the nation&#39;s cultural resources worthy of preservation.</p><br>
<p>El Presidio Real de San Diego  is a historic fort in San Diego, California. It was established on May 14, 1769, by Gaspar de Portolá, leader of the first European land exploration of Alta California—at that time an unexplored northwestern frontier area of New Spain.</p><br>
<p>The presidio was the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific coast of the present-day United States. As the first of the presidios and Spanish missions in California, it was the base of operations for the Spanish colonization of California. The associated Mission San Diego de Alcalá later moved a few miles away.</p><br>
<p>Essentially abandoned by 1835, the site of the original Presidio lies on a hill within present-day Presidio Park, although no historic structures remain above ground. The San Diego Presidio was registered as a California Historical Landmark in 1932, then declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to occupation by the Spanish, the site of the Presidio was home to the Kumeyaay people (called the Diegueños by the Spaniards).</p><br>
<p>The first Europeans to explore San Diego Bay and its environs were members of the maritime expedition led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. Sebastián Vizcaíno visited again in 1602, but no settlement was made until the fort was begun in May 1769. On July 16, 1769, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was established by Junípero Serra on Presidio Hill. The presidio had a commanding view of San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, allowing the Spanish to see potential intruders.</p><br>
<p>Less than a month after the mission was established, a Kumeyaay uprising occurred; four Spaniards were wounded and a boy was killed. After the attack, the Spaniards built a stockade which was finished in March 1770. It included two bronze cannons: one pointed to the bay, the other to the nearby Indian village.</p><br>
<p>In 1773 and 1774, adobe structures were built to replace the temporary wood and brush huts. Later in 1774, the mission was moved a few miles up Mission Valley to separate the Kumeyaay from the influence of the presidial garrison. By 1783, there were 54 troops stationed at the presidio.</p><br>
<p>With Mexican independence in 1821, the presidio came under Mexican control, and was officially relinquished by the Spanish on April 20, 1822. From 1825–1829, it served as the Mexican governor&#39;s residence. The presidio was abandoned by 1835 and fell to ruins, because settlers preferred to live in the more accessible town—present-day Old Town San Diego State Historic Park—which developed at the foot of Presidio Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1907, George Marston, a wealthy department store owner, bought Presidio Hill with an interest to preserve the site. Unable to attract public funding, Marston built a private park in 1925 with the help of architect John Nolen. He also funded the Junípero Serra Museum, designed by William Templeton Johnson and built in 1928–1929 in Spanish Revival style architecture, to house and showcase the collection of the San Diego Historical Society (now the San Diego History Center). Serra Museum is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Presidio, but in fact nothing remains of the original Presidio. Marston donated the park and museum to the city in 1929. Presidio Park is still owned by the city of San Diego; the Serra Museum is managed by the San Diego History Center.</p><br>
<p>No historical structures remain in Presidio Park today. The Presidio site is occasionally used for archaeological excavations.</p><br>
<p>There are additional photographs available.</p><br>
<p>The South Dakota State Capitol is the state capitol building of the USA state of South Dakota. Housing the South Dakota State Legislature, it is located in the state capital of Pierre at 500 East Capitol Avenue. The building houses the offices of most state officials, including the Governor of South Dakota.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed between 1905 and 1910. The designs for the building were executed by the Minneapolis architectural firm of Bell & Detweiler, who gave the building similar features to the Montana State Capitol in Helena, Montana. The planning and construction cost was almost $1 million.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 plans began for a large addition located on the buildings north side. Initial plans for the Capitol Annex were prepared by Bells later firm, Bell & Kinports. Construction costs were estimated at $500,000. This project was not built and later Perkins & McWayne of Sioux Falls were chosen as architects. Construction drawings were issued in 1931, and the Annex project was completed in 1932.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The floor in the capitol building is made of terrazzo tile. Common lore says the floor was laid by 66 Italian artists. To give these artists a chance to place a mark in the building (without allowing them to actually sign their names to the floor), each is said to have been given a blue stone to place in the floor. Only 55 of these tiles have been found, however. It is thought that the remaining stones may have been placed in locations now covered by walls, doors, or carpeting.</p><br>
<p>From the first floor, a marble staircase leads upstairs. In front of the staircase, display cases house the First Lady Gown Collection. Miniature replicas have been made of the gown worn by each first lady to the state inaugural ball. These replicas are worn by dolls in the display case. Along with the doll, a picture of each governor&#39;s family and other mementos are also displayed.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor, the marble staircase leads into a rotunda. The dome of the rotunda is 96 feet high. The bottom ring is designed to resemble a string of ribbons joined together, which is meant to symbolize the eternal nature of government. The 3rd pillar from the top on the right side of the railing is upside down due to a mistake during construction of the staircase. The interior of the dome is decorated with sixteen images of the Tree of Life. The dome also displays acanthus leaves to represent wisdom and a pasque flower, which is the state flower.</p><br>
<p>The third floor houses the states House of Representatives and the states Senate. The galleries for both, from which the public can observe the legislative process, are located on the fourth floor.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior memorials</h2><br>
<p>Four memorials are on the grounds of the capitol building. The Fighting Stallions Memorial is a sculpture built to honor the eight South Dakota residents, including Governor George S. Mickelson, who died in an airplane crash on April 19, 1993. The Flaming Fountain Memorial is a fountain with a perpetually burning natural gas flame. It was installed to honor South Dakotan veterans. The Law Enforcement Officer Memorial pays tribute to police officers who have died in the line of duty. Six bronze figures on a peninsula in the Capitol Lake comprise the World War II Memorial; each represents one of the branches of service in which South Dakota residents served during World War II, with additional statues commemorating veterans of the Korean War and the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>In addition to those four memorials, several statues on the Trail of Governors, which includes bronze statues of each of the state&#39;s former governors, are placed on the capitol grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>In anticipation of South Dakota&#39;s state centennial during 1989, the building was renovated extensively and restored during the administrations of Governors Richard F. Kneip, Harvey L. Wollman, Bill Janklow, and George S. Mickelson. The renovation required 22 years and restored much of the building and its decoration, including the tile floor, to its original appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippi State Capitol or the “New Capitol,” has been the seat of the state’s government since it succeeded the old Mississippi State House in 1903. Located in the centrally-located state capital / capital city of Jackson, in Hinds County, it was designated as a Mississippi Landmark in 1986, abd subsequently a National Historic Landmark in 2016 and earlier added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, .</p><br>
<h2>The Capitol</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>After years of public debate, the 35th Governor of Mississippi Andrew Houston Longino (1854-1942, served 1900-1904), who took office in January 1900, soon convinced the members of both chambers of the Mississippi Legislature, that it was finally time to construct a new Capitol in Jackson, and he was appointed chairman of the State House Commission in the following month of February 1900 by the State Legislature. Fourteen architects submitted plans in response to the architectural contest advertised though newspapers in five large prominent cities across the country seeking submissions of bids and proposal drawings. Bernard R. Green, the architect / engineer who designed the massive huge monumental Library of Congress (oldest Thomas Jefferson Building of 1890-1897, east of the United States Capitol on Capitol Hill) in the federal national capital city of Washington, D.C., was hired as a consultant by the State House Commission of Mississippi to review the submissions; he chose the plans prepared by architect Theodore C. Link (1850-1923), of St. Louis, Missouri. Erected on the former site of the old Mississippi State Penitentiary, the Capitol was completed within 28 months of construction in 1901-1903 at a cost of $1,093,641. Most fortuitously, rather than issuing bonds as was planned, the cost of the Capitol was paid in full at its 1903 completion after the State of Mississippi was awarded a substantial windfall of one million dollars in a legal lawsuit settlement ordered by the USA Supreme Court in Washington for back taxes owed by the Illinois Central Railroad of Chicago. The Capitol originally housed all three branches of typical American government - legislative, executive, and judicial. Currently, the Legislative branch is the only full-time serving branch still remaining. The Mississippi Supreme Court met in the New State Capitol for seven decades from 1903 until 1973. The main offices of the Governor of Mississippi are currently residing across the street in the Walter Sillers Building. In 1933-1934, a major repainting program transformed the interior of the Capitol from its original plain white plaster ceilings to a much more colorful and decorative palette. This project, funded by the Civil Works Administration (C.W.A.) and overseen by Jackson architect A. Hays Town, included artwork in the domes of the central Rotunda and that of the Senate Chamber. Again from 1979 through 1982, the Mississippi Capitol underwent its most significant renovations in its century and quarter history. During the $19 million project the Mississippi Legislature met across town in Jackson’s old Central High School. Mezzanine levels were installed in the second floor offices to increase the staff working area. The major public areas of the building, including the chambers of the House of Representatives, Senate and old Mississippi Supreme Court chambers; and the Governor’s Reception Room; Rotunda; Hall of History and its historical exhibits; and the elaborate decorated United Daughters of the Confederacy Reception Room were also restored.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture/Building</h3><br>
<p>The Capitol exemplifies Beaux Arts classicism in architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol is 402 feet in width, 225 feet in depth, with a total of 171,000 square feet. The central dome rises 180 feet above ground level.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls of the Capitol are Indiana limestone and the base and stairs are Georgia granite. The drum of the main dome is a limestone-colored terra cotta and is surrounded by a limestone colonnade. The eagle that stands atop is eight feet tall and 15 feet wide, made of copper, and gilded with gold leaf.</p><br>
<p>Inside the Capitol are more than ten types of marble from other states and countries and eight types of art marble, known as scagliola. Architect Theodore Link used the new technology of electric lighting when designing the Capitol and incorporated 4,750 electric fixtures, which are still being used today.</p><br>
<p>Windows of stained and leaded glass, crafted by Louis Millet of Chicago, Illinois, are original and adorn the grand staircase, domes and walls of the chambers of the Senate and House of Representatives, Governor’s Office, and other spaces within the building. The ceilings of the third and fourth floor corridors contain Millet’s stained glass and work with the skylights on the roof and with the glass cylinders within the marble of the fourth floor as a skylight system to provide natural light along those corridors.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor’s Hall of Governors displays portraits of the former governors of Mississippi, beginning with the first territorial governor, Winthrop Sargent.</p><br>
<p>The main Rotunda is located on the second floor with walls of Italian white marble trimmed with Belgian black marble, cast iron balustrades with architectural motifs encircling the space, and the central dome rising above allowing in natural light to mix with the original electric light fixtures. A relief sculpture of Lady Justice is seen above each of the top arches.</p><br>
<p>The Rotunda also displays all the major classical orders, including Roman Doric on the first level (second floor), Ionic on the second level (third floor), and the highest order in the Composite capitals on the monumental columns.</p><br>
<p>The second floor also houses the old Supreme Court and the old State Library.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the chambers of the Senate and the House of Representatives, the third floor is home to the offices of the Lieutenant Governor and the Speaker of the House, and the ceremonial office of the Governor. The Senate has 52 members. The House of Representatives has 122 members.</p><br>
<p>The public galleries of the Senate and the House of Representatives are located on the fourth floor.</p><br>
<p>On top of the state capital building is a gold-plated American Bald Eagle figurine, facing south.</p><br>
<h3>Hours</h3><br>
<p>The Capitol is open Monday-Friday, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. It is closed weekends.</p><br>
<h3>Tours</h3><br>
<p>Guided tours are conducted free of charge by staff and volunteers. Tours are given Monday-Friday at 9:30 a.m. and 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. and 2:30 p.m., or visitors are welcome to do a self-guided tour anytime between 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Group and school tours are available by reservation.</p><br>
<h3>Gift Shop</h3><br>
<p>The gift shop is open Monday-Friday, 9 a.m.-4 p.m. It is closed on weekends.</p><br>
<h3>Popular culture</h3><br>
<p>The Capitol is featured in the following movies:</p><br>
<p>The Chamber (1996)</p><br>
<p>The Help (2011)</p><br>
<h2>The Old Capitol</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Ponce de Leon, also known as The Ponce, was a luxury hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, built by millionaire developer and Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler. Built between 1885–1887, the winter resort opened in January 1888. The hotel was designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style as the first major project of the New York architecture firm Carrère & Hastings, which gained world renown for more than 600 projects, including the House and Senate Office Buildings flanking the US Capitol. Their final project was the New York Public Library.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is the first of its kind constructed entirely of poured concrete, using the local coquina stone as aggregate. The hotel is one of the first buildings in the country wired for electricity from the onset, with the power being supplied by DC generators installed by Flagler&#39;s friend, Thomas Edison.</p><br>
<p>Since 1968, with the founding of Flagler College, the original building and grounds of the hotel serve as the centerpiece of the campus Flagler College.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Henry Flagler spent the winter of 1882–1883 in St. Augustine where he became interested in the historic city and its potential for a winter resort for wealthy northerners. He was particularly impressed with the poured concrete construction method of the Villa Zorayda, the recently constructed winter home of businessman Franklin Smith. Flagler offered to buy it for his wife, but Smith would not sell it to him.</p><br>
<p>Flagler returned to St. Augustine in 1885 and made Smith an offer. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. Smith couldn&#39;t come up with the funds, so Flagler began construction of the 540-room Ponce de León Hotel by himself, spending several times his original estimate. Smith helped train the masons on the mixing and pouring techniques he used on the Zorayda. Two years later, Smith would build the Casa Monica Hotel opposite the Ponce de Leon, on land sold to him by Flagler.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Ponce de Leon is built on land that was part of a former orange grove and salt marsh belonging to Dr. Andrew Anderson, owner of the nearby Markland house. Construction began in 1885 by contractors and former New England shipbuilders James McGuire and Joseph McDonald; the building was completed in 1887.</p><br>
<p>Various famed and notable designers, architects, and painters worked on the project. The hotel was designed by the New York architecture firm of John Carrère and Thomas Hastings, as their first major project. Architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, who had recently arrived from Paris and would go on to supervise the 1904 World&#39;s Fair in St. Louis, created the watercolor elevation of the hotel. Murals in the rotunda and dining room were completed by the well-known artist George W. Maynard, who a decade later painted a second set of the Exploration series murals in the Treasures Gallery at the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress.</p><br>
<p>The murals at the Ponce were well known at the time. Writing of a visit to St Augustine, Ring Lardner has one of his characters say:</p><br>
<p>Originally, the twin towers of the hotel were water storage tanks which contained 8,000 gallons each, providing running water for hotel guests. During World War II, a small room to the east of the central dome served as a brig when the hotel served as the founding headquarters of the Coast Guard Reserve USA Coast Guard.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Ponce de Leon opened on January 10, 1888. It was an instant success, and within two years, Flagler opened another hotel in St. Augustine, the Alcazar. Just across the street, it absorbed guests that the Ponce could not accommodate and eased the massive demand. A year later, in 1888, he purchased friend and colleague Franklin Smiths Casa Monica Hotel, renovating it and reopening it as the Cordova. The projects were Flaglers first three projects as a partner in PICO, the Plant Investment Company. In 1882, Henry Plant, Flagler and nine other northern businessmen established the corporation to develop the Southernmost Frontier of the US – the Florida peninsula from Orlando south.</p><br>
<p>With the success of the Ponce de Leon, Flagler realized the need for a sound transportation system to support his resorts, and he purchased short-line railroads to form what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. He modernized the existing railroads for them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic, allowing guests to reach the hotel from New York City and other northern cities. Over the next two decades, Flagler expanded the system further south, until it reached Key West. The Overseas Extension is known as the Eighth Wonder of the Modern World.</p><br>
<p>Noted personalities that stayed at the hotel during its operation included President Grover Cleveland, Mark Twain, future President Franklin D. Roosevelt, as a college student on spring break, President Theodore Roosevelt, President Warren G. Harding, future President John F. Kennedy at age 13 with his family, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Somerset Maugham, Babe Ruth and Babe Didrikson.</p><br>
<p>The headwaiter of the Ponce in the 1880s and 1890s was Frank Thompson, who was a pioneer civil rights advocate and an organizer of the professional black baseball team that became the Cuban Giants. One member of the team, Frank Grant, was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>The hotel saw declining visitor numbers throughout the 1910s and 1920s. A major cause of this was the continuous extension of Flagler&#39;s railway, which allowed tourists to vacation in the warmer, tropical climates further south, giving rise to cities like West Palm Beach and Miami. However, even as the Alcazar and Cordova Hotels closed, the Ponce remained open and was one of three Flagler hotels in the state to survive the Great Depression and operate into the mid-20th Century.</p><br>
<h2>Art colony</h2><br>
<p>Flagler established an artist colony at the hotel, with an Artists&#39; Studios building constructed to the rear of the resort. The colony attracted many up-and-coming American artists of the time, including Martin Johnson Heade, who painted, among other works, "Giant Magnolias on a Blue Cloth" in Studio No. 7. The painting now hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and Heade has been honored on a USA postage stamp. Other works of his are in the White House and various significant galleries.</p><br>
<p>Other artists of the colony included Felix de Crano, Reynolds Beal, Arthur Vidal Diehl, the flower painter Albert Fuller Graves, the Provincetown artist and teacher Charles Webster Hawthorne, the impressionist painter Harry L. Hoffman, and Heinrich Pfeiffer.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, the federal government had organized several of its direct aid programs in the city with the goal of revitalizing the area&#39;s tourism economy. Authors such as Ernest Hemingway, Zora Neale Hurston, Robert Frost, John Dos Passos, and, most particularly, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, visited or lived in St. Augustine during this time, and there was an active community of artists.</p><br>
<h2>Coast Guard Reserve training center</h2><br>
<p>During World War II, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was taken over by the federal government and was used as a Coast Guard Training Center. St. Augustine is considered to be the birthplace of the Coast Guard Reserve, as one of the first classes to graduate from Reserve officer training did so at St. Augustine in May 1941. From 1942 until the end of the war in 1945, thousands of young recruits received their basic and advanced training at the hotel, with up to 2,500 trainees living in the building at any one time.</p><br>
<p>One of the Coast Guardsmen the trained at the hotel was Jacob Lawrence, already a famous artist. According to the official Coast Guard history,</p><br>
<p>In October 1943 Lawrence was drafted into the Coast Guard, then part of the Navy. As the armed services were still segregated, he, along with all African-American recruits, were automatically limited to the steward&#39;s mate rate. After his basic training at Curtis Bay, Maryland he was assigned to the Ponce de Leon Hotel (commandeered by the Coast Guard) in St. Augustine. Despite his rate, Lawrence was urged to continue his artistic endeavors by his commanding officer, Captain J.S. Rosenthal. He was later transferred to USCGC Sea Cloud, the first integrated ship in the naval services.</p><br>
<p>He became the first African-American artist to have his work hung in both the Vatican and the White House.</p><br>
<h2>Post-war return to hotel</h2><br>
<p>After the war ended, the building was deactivated by the Coast Guard and returned to operation as a hotel. Large crowds that had stayed away from the city during the war returned, but the boom did not last.</p><br>
<p>The hotel saw declining visitor numbers in the following years, and in 1967 it was permanently closed.</p><br>
<h2>Flagler College</h2><br>
<p>In 1968 the hotel became the centerpiece of the newly-established Flagler College. Beginning in 1976, with the nations bicentennial anniversary, Flagler College embarked on an ambitious campaign to restore the hotel and other Flagler-era campus buildings to their original grandeur. In 1988 the College celebrated the centennial of the Ponce de Leon Hotel, and a decade later students created the Flaglers Legacy program, which provides guided historic tours of the former hotel to thousands of visitors annually.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the US National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and became a USA National Historic Landmark on February 21, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 1920 silent film Stolen Moments, starring Rudolph Valentino, was partially filmed and set in the Ponce de Leon Hotel and its courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Route 66, Season four, Episode 19, titled "This Is Going to Hurt Me More Than It Hurts You", was filmed at the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The St. Joseph Park and Parkway System is a national historic district located at St. Joseph, Missouri. It is St. Joseph, Missouri&#39;s hiking and biking Parkway ribbons through the city for 26 miles. Developed in 1918 by internationally known landscape architect George Burnap, St. Joseph was one of the first cities in the United States to develop a comprehensive parkway plan. Popular for hiking and biking activities, the completed system connects principal parks and recreation facilities, providing a "green belt" throughout the city.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Parkway system was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Lebold Mansion is a Victorian-era house in Abilene, Kansas, United States. Lebold Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed of native Kansas limestone, the mansion was built in 1880 by banker Conrad Lebold.</p><br>
<p>In 1857 Tim and Eliza Hersey, the founders and first inhabitants of Abilene, built a stone dugout in the location where the Lebold Mansion stands today. The Hersey dugout was incorporated into the construction of the mansions tower and is preserved as part of the foundation located at the towers base. Visitors still can view the dugout when touring the home.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion has served many purposes over the years. In the 1920s it was redecorated by C. L. Brown as a boarding house for the young female operators of his United Telephone Company. In 1930 it became an orphanage and then served as an apartment building from 1940 to 1970.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>It has survived intact and was maintained as a historic house museum from 1973 until 2010. It was considered by many to be one of the finest Victorian decorative art museums in the midwest. It was featured in Victorian Homes Magazine and Victorian Decorating and life styles Magazine.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, The Lebold Mansion was sold to Victorian Interiors Restoration Service from San Francisco, who redecorated Its 23 rooms with period furniture, wallpaper, drapes, and other furnishings from their private collection and then used the Mansion as a showroom, tour house for the next 10 years. Victorian Interiors sold the Mansion in 2010. It twice changed hands to new owners when in June, 2021, the mansion was sold as a foreclosure but approximately $750,000 worth of vintage period wallpaper remained, as well as an 8 x 8 commissioned painting on canvas of Venus and her servants that is mounted on the ceiling of one of the first-floor rooms.</p><br>
<p>The new owner, Joseph Tatner, is a published author, professional business and technical writer, computer analyst, business and technical consultant, plus a professional actor, singer, dancer, director, choreographer, and producer with numerous credits, awards, and wide public recognition. Having worked in four different Ritz-Carlton Hotels, his goal for the mansion is to always provide a fun experience with something new to enjoy. he is attempting to renovate the property himself and started a Lebold Mansion GoFundMe page.</p><br>
<p>The residence has been rented out twice for film productions: "The Haunting of Pottersfield" and (in June 2021) "The Location Scout." The property and individual rooms are still available for films, as well as professional or Cosplay photo shoots. The popular "Apocalypse Basement" is decorated to look just like a room from the computer game Fallout (3, 4, or New Vegas). The Fallout decor can be removed to be used as a Zombie Apocalypse scene or dilapidated ammo depot.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral Church of the Advent in Birmingham, Alabama, is the see church of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama. On March 30, 1983, the structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Episcopal Church of the Advent.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish church of the Advent was established in 1872, one year after the founding of the city of Birmingham, and was one of the first churches built in the new city. The first building on this site was completed in 1873, but was destroyed by fire on November 24, 1892. The current structure was already underway at that date. It was designed by Wheelock, Joy, and Wheelock, was occupied in the fall of 1893, with the tower and portico undergoing construction until 1895. The parish&#39;s second rector John Gardner Murray (in office 1896-1903) would later become the first elected presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church. The cathedral is known for its prominent location on Twentieth Street North near Linn Park, as well as for the reputation of its music program. It was not until 1982 that the Church of the Advent became a cathedral, when the Diocese of Alabama selected the church as its seat.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The congregation undertook a major project to preserve the Scioto sandstone exterior of the Cathedral between 1999 and 2005. During this same period the Rectors Garden was redesigned to improve drainage and accommodate a columbarium and the belltower was refitted for a carillon of fifteen bells, cast by Fonderie Paccard of Lac dAnnecy, France. In both 2005 and 2012, readers of the Birmingham News named the cathedral choir "Best Church Choir". Today, the Church of the Advent comprises nearly 4,000 members, making it one of the ten largest Episcopal churches in the United States.</p><br>
<p>For several decades the Advent has been among the more conservative parishes in its diocese. In 2003, the then-dean Paul F. M. Zahl hung a black flag on the cathedral in protest of the election of Gene Robinson as the first openly gay bishop in the Episcopal Church. The parish has also identified itself as being squarely on the Protestant side of the Anglican via media. In 1998 Dean Zahl published The Protestant Face of Anglicanism and around 2018 the parish shifted from the 1979 American Book of Common Prayer to the 1662 English Book of Common Prayer for portions of the liturgy because they more clearly reflect the Protestant doctrine of justification by faith alone. In 2016, the Advent hired Zac Hicks, a presbyter in the Evangelical Presbyterian Church as its canon for liturgy and worship.</p><br>
<p>From 2013 to May 16, 2021, the dean and rector was the Very Reverend Andrew C. Pearson Jr. In 2019, the search committee for the new bishop identified the beleaguered relationship as one of four major challenges facing the diocese. The parish vestry announced Pearson&#39;s resignation on April 28, 2021, stating that he was resigning as dean due to "the ongoing tension he feels in serving in the Episcopal Church." After leaving the Advent he was released at his request from the Episcopal Church and received into the Anglican Church of North America. In September 2021 he started start a new Anglican congregation in Birmingham known as Grace Church. The Reverend Canon Craig Smalley was named interim dean and rector in May 2021 and after an international search named the permanent dean and rector in May 2022.</p><br>
<p>In June 2021, the Advent and the diocese affirmed a new covenant recognizing the cathedral’s commitment to a Protestant, evangelical expression of Anglicanism and stating that the it would return to the use of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer (Rite I) for its principal services. In August 2021, Zac Hicks, the canon for liturgy and worship, also left the cathedral staff. Strains between the Advent and the diocese again became public in December 2021 when the diocesan bishop, Glenda Curry, ordained four individuals to the priesthood at the cathedral one of whom was in a same-sex marriage. When this detail was made public by conservative Anglicans, cathedral leaders complained that the bishop had not told them of the individuals status. The bishop in turn stated that it was not a secret and that as a diocesan event, she did not see the ordination as an event that should be seen as reflecting the Advents particular theological views.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral campus is also home to the Advent Episcopal Day School. Carpenter House, the headquarters building for the Diocese of Alabama, is connected to the cathedral building by a cloister.</p><br>
<p>The North Carolina State Capitol is the former seat of the legislature of the USA state of North Carolina which housed all of the state&#39;s government until 1888. The Supreme Court and State Library moved into a separate building in 1888, and the General Assembly moved into the State Legislative Building in 1963. Today, the governor and his immediate staff occupy offices on the first floor of the Capitol.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built following the destruction by fire of the first North Carolina State House in 1831, and today houses the offices of the Governor of North Carolina. It is located in the state capital of Raleigh on Union Square at One East Edenton Street. The cornerstone of the Greek Revival building was laid with Masonic honors by the Grand Master of North Carolina Masons Simmons Jones Baker on July 4, 1833. Construction was completed in 1840. It was designed primarily by the architectural firm of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis. Often credited solely to that team, the design of the capitol was actually the result of a sequence of work by William Nichols Sr. and his son William Nichols Jr., Town and Davis, and then David Paton.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol housed the entire state government until 1888, and the North Carolina General Assembly met in the capitol building until 1961. The Grand Lodge of North Carolina laid a second cornerstone on the centenary of the first on July 4, 1933. The legislature relocated to its current location in the North Carolina State Legislative Building in 1963. The North Carolina Supreme Court has also convened in the building in the past, most recently meeting in the capitols senate chamber in 2005 while the Supreme Court Building was undergoing renovations. The Governor and the governors immediate staff has continued to occupy offices in the building. The Capitol remains largely unaltered from its 1840 state. Only three rooms have been significantly altered through remodeling: the two committee rooms in the east and west wings of the second floor, which were divided horizontally to provide space for restrooms, and the office in the east wing of the first floor, part of which had to be cut away to permit space for an elevator to be installed in 1951. The Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973 and the building is located in the Capitol Area Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The first assembly to meet in this building was the 63rd North Carolina General Assembly of 1840–1841 on November 16, 1840. The last assembly to meet in this building was the 124th North Carolina General Assembly of 1961, which met from February 8 to June 22, 1961.</p><br>
<p>Following the heated protests for racial equality of 2020, Governor Roy Cooper ordered the removal of the largest Confederate statue on the State Capitol Grounds.</p><br>
<p>The 2021 state budget included $10 million to repair the roof, including the dome. Replacement of the roof is planned for 2023.</p><br>
<h2>North Carolina legislature buildings</h2><br>
<p>The North Carolina General Assembly may have initially met in Tryon Palace after being vacated by the British in 1776. The assembly met in various locations until a building dedicated for use by the state government was completed in 1794 in Raleigh. This building was destroyed by fire in 1831. The North Carolina State Capitol building was the home to the assembly from 1840 to 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Images of the North Carolina State Capitol building</h2><br>
<p>In the rotunda is a statue of George Washington. The rotunda statue is a replica of the original statue by Antonio Canova, which was destroyed by a fire in 1831. A bust of the 29th Governor of North Carolina (18411845), John Motley Morehead, sits inside the capitol. A statue of George Washington is on the south side of the capitol. On the east side of the capitol sits a statue of the three Presidents of the United States from North Carolina: James Knox Polk of Mecklenburg County, Andrew Jackson of Union County sitting on horse, and Andrew Johnson of Wake County. The grounds of the capitol also include statues honoring women of the Confederacy, veterans of the Civil War and Viet Nam War.</p><br>
<p>The Pony Express Museum is a transport museum in Saint Joseph, Missouri, documenting the history of the Pony Express, the first fast mail line across the North American continent from the Missouri River to the Pacific coast. The museum is housed in a surviving portion of the Pike&#39;s Peak Stables, from which westward-bound Pony Express riders set out on their journey.</p><br>
<p>The Pony Express Museum is one of the most historically educational museums in the country in respect to the legendary mail service that ran from April, 3, 1860 to October 26, 1861. Between exhibits, a 7-part diorama, maps, an archeological dig and artifacts, the museum has entertained and educated visitors from all over the world. The museum just celebrated the 150th anniversary (Sesquicentennial) of the Pony Express on April 1–3, 2010 which drew over 10,000 people. The museum is located at 914 Penn Street, St. Joseph, Missouri. In 2011, the museum produced a live action documentary titled Days of the Pony Express produced by Jim Conlon with Scout Films. The film was given a favorable review by Wild West Magazine.</p><br>
<h2>Stables</h2><br>
<p>The Pony Express Stables, also known as Pike&#39;s Peak Stables, is a historic stable building located at St. Joseph, Missouri. It is a one-story building, originally built as a wood-frame structure in 1858. Its exterior walls were rebuilt in brick in 1888, whether keeping the original structure intact It is now the home of the museum.</p><br>
<p>The building, originally Pikes Peak Stable, was built for care of horses of the local freight and stagecoach company. It was bought in 1860 by the Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company to be used for the Pony Express. In the first Pony Express run on April 3, 1860, William (Billie) Richardson left from here to go the Patee House to pick up a waiting mochilla, then headed west.</p><br>
<p>The building was restored in 1950 by the Goetz Foundation and the Pony Express National Memorial museum was then established. The building is 58.33 x in plan. Its front (north) and side walls are coursed brick, two bricks thick. As of 1970, the rear wall is wood frame on a brick foundation, covered by asbestos board.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Macon City Auditorium is a historic structure in Macon, Georgia, United States, that has hosted performances, meetings, and events for the community since 1925. It was designed by New York architect Egerton Swartwout. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Municipal Auditorium in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Located nearly across the street from Macon&#39;s historic City Hall, the auditorium is designed in a similar Classical style, surrounded on three sides by limestone Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>The building is capped by a copper dome, claimed by many locals to be the largest in the world, though verifying the fact has proved difficult. Below the dome, the Great Hall seats 2,688 total, split between the 14,000 ft&sup2; floor (typically configured with folding chairs and tables for various uses) and a balcony with fixed seating for 988. Over the stage, a Don Carlos Dubois and Wilbur Kurtz mural contains scenes from Macon area history from the Spanish explorations of Hernando de Soto to the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Though it is significantly older than, and geographically separate from, the other building in the complex, the auditorium is maintained as part of the Macon Centreplex, which also includes the Macon Coliseum. The latter two facilities comprise a single building on the east side of the Ocmulgee River, and for many in the general public, "the Centreplex" refers specifically to that property, while the downtown structure continues to be colloquially known simply as "the Auditorium".</p><br>
<p>The Macon Coliseum has about 9,000 seats while the Macon City Auditorium has 2,688.</p><br>
<h2>Recent events</h2><br>
<p>Funeral for Otis Redding (1967)</p><br>
<p>Oprah Winfrey filmed her 2007 episode, "Oprah&#39;s Favorite Things", in the Macon City Auditorium on November 17, 2007.</p><br>
<p>2016 Celtic Women Destiny Tour</p><br>
<p>The George Eastman Museum, also referred to as George Eastman House and the International Museum of Photography and Film, is the worlds oldest museum dedicated to photography and one of the worlds oldest film archives, opened to the public in 1949 in Rochester, New York.</p><br>
<p>Known for its collections in the fields of photography and cinema, the museum is also a leader in film preservation and photograph conservation, educating archivists and conservators from around the world. Home to the 500-seat Dryden Theatre, the museum is located on the estate of entrepreneur and philanthropist George Eastman, the founder of Eastman Kodak Company. The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rochester estate of George Eastman (1854–1932) was bequeathed upon his death to the University of Rochester. University presidents (first Benjamin Rush Rhees, then Alan Valentine) occupied Eastmans mansion as a residence for ten years. In 1948, the university transferred the property to the museum and the Georgian Revival Style mansion was adapted to serve the museums operations.</p><br>
<p>George Eastman House was chartered as a museum in 1947. From the outset, the museums mission has been to collect, preserve, and present the history of photography and film. The museum opened its doors on November 9, 1949, displaying its core collections in the former public rooms of Eastmans house. In October 2015, the museum changed its name from George Eastman House to the George Eastman Museum.</p><br>
<p>The museums original collections included the Medicus collection of Civil War photographs by Alexander Gardner, Eastman Kodak Companys historical collection, and the massive Gabriel Cromer collection of nineteenth-century French photography. The Eastman Museum has received donations of entire archives, corporate and individual collections, and the estates of leading photographers, as well as thousands of motion pictures and massive holdings of cinematic ephemera.</p><br>
<p>But by July 19, 1984, the museum had a $500,000 deficit, and the museums holdings were considered by many to be among the worlds finest, but with the collections growing at a rapid pace, the museum was increasingly burdened by its own success. Additional space became critical to store and study the increasing number of collected objects.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the Smithsonian Institution was offered title and control, if it agreed to leave the Eastman Archives in Rochester and pay $1 million a year towards maintenance. The Smithsonian would appoint the director and staff and set curatorial policies.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, Kodak gave the Museum an endowment, the proceeds of the sale of its San Francisco office building, worth $13 million to $15 million on condition that it remain in Rochester, and the trustees must raise the money to build or renovate in Rochester.</p><br>
<p>In January 1989, the museum&#39;s expansion facility opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the museum opened the Louis B. Mayer Conservation Center in nearby Chili. One of only four film conservation centers in the United States (as of March 2006), the facility houses the museum&#39;s rare 35 mm prints made on cellulose nitrate. That same year, the Eastman House launched the first school of film preservation in the United States to teach restoration, preservation, and archiving of motion pictures. The L. Jeffrey Selznick School of Film Preservation was founded with support from The Louis B. Mayer Foundation.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the George Eastman Museum launched the Mellon Advanced Residency Program in Photograph Conservation, made possible with grant support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The program trained top photograph archivists and conservators from around the world.</p><br>
<p>George Eastman Museum has organized numerous groundbreaking exhibitions, including New Topographics: Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Governance</h2><br>
<h3>Directors</h3><br>
<p>The current director of the George Eastman Museum is Bruce Barnes who was appointed in September 2012.</p><br>
<h3>Board of trustees</h3><br>
<p>The George Eastman Museum is headed by a board of trustees. Nannette Nocon is the current board chair.</p><br>
<h3>Finances</h3><br>
<p>The George Eastman Museum&#39;s annual budget is approximately $10 million. As of December 2014, its endowment exceeded $35 million.</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>The museums holdings comprise more than 400,000 photographs and negatives dating from the invention of photography to the present day; 28,000 motion picture films; three million other cinematic objects, including letters, scripts, musical scores, lobby cards, posters, film stills, and celebrity portraits; more than 16,000 objects of photographic and cinematographic technology; an internationally renowned research collection of books, periodicals, and other materials on photography and moving images; and George Eastmans home furnishings and decorative arts, personal and business correspondence, private library, photographs, negatives, films, and related personal items.</p><br>
<h3>Photography collection</h3><br>
<p>The photography collection embraces numerous landmark processes, objects of great rarity, and monuments of art history that trace the evolution of the medium as a technology, as a means of scientific and historical documentation, and as one of the most potent and accessible means of personal expression of the modern era. More than 14,000 photographers are represented in the collection, including virtually all the major figures in the history of the medium. The collection includes original vintage works produced by nearly every process and printing medium employed. Notable holdings include:</p><br>
<p>One of the world&#39;s largest collection of daguerreotypes, including more than 1,000 by Southworth & Hawes</p><br>
<p>A major collection of nineteenth-century photographs of the American West by photographers including Carleton Watkins, Eadweard Muybridge, Timothy H. O&#39;Sullivan, and William Henry Jackson</p><br>
<p>A major collection of ca. 1890s–1910s glass negatives from French photojournalist Charles Chusseau-Flaviens</p><br>
<p>The photographic estates of Lewis Hine, Edward Steichen, Alvin Langdon Coburn, Nickolas Muray and Victor Keppler</p><br>
<p>A major collection of Ansel Adams’ early and vintage prints</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s collection includes works by leading contemporary artists, including Andy Warhol, Candida Höfer, David Levinthal, Cindy Sherman, Adam Fuss, Vik Muniz, Gillian Wearing, Ori Gersht, Mickalene Thomas, Chris McCaw, and Matthew Brandt.</p><br>
<h3>Moving image collection</h3><br>
<p>The George Eastman Museum Motion Picture Collection is one of the major moving image archives in the United States. It was established in 1949 by the first curator of film, James Card (1915–2000) who helped to build the George Eastman Museum as a leading force in the field with holdings of over 25,000 titles and a collection of stills, posters and papers with over 3 million artifacts. The George Eastman Museum&#39;s collection includes the complete moving-image works of William Kentridge.</p><br>
<h3>George Eastman Legacy Collection</h3><br>
<p>This collection includes George Eastmans house and the George Eastman Archive and Study Center. Opened in April 1999, the George Eastman Archive and Study Center contains Eastmans personal possessions and documents pertaining to Kodaks early history. It has over half a million items within its climate controlled vault. The archive is accessible from the second floor of the house. Items within the house itself include fragments of Eastmans coffin, a mounted elephant head, and an Aeolian pipe organ.</p><br>
<h3>Fire</h3><br>
<p>On May 30, 1978, a two-alarm fire affecting four buildings resulted in the loss of some rare movie films and still photographs in the collection, including the original negatives to the pre-1951 MGM cartoons, though not as bad as originally feared.</p><br>
<h2>George Eastman Awards</h2><br>
<p>The George Eastman Museum established the George Eastman Award for distinguished contribution to the art of film in 1955 as the first award given by an American film archive and museum to honor artistic work of enduring value.</p><br>
<h3>Recipients</h3><br>
<p>1965 – Fred Astaire (Actor)</p><br>
<p>1973 – Johnny Weissmuller (Actor)</p><br>
<p>1975 – Blanche Sweet (Actor)</p><br>
<p>1976 – George Cukor (Director), Karl Struss (Cinematographer)</p><br>
<p>1978 – James Stewart (Actor), Willard Van Dyke (Director)</p><br>
<p>1982 – Joan Bennett (Actor), Louise Brooks (Actor), Dolores del Río (Actor), Myrna Loy (Actor), Maureen O&#39;Sullivan (Actor), Luise Rainer (Actor), Sylvia Sidney (Actor)</p><br>
<p>1987 – Gregory Peck (Actor)</p><br>
<p>1990 – Lauren Bacall (Actor)</p><br>
<p>1992 – Audrey Hepburn (Actor)</p><br>
<p>1994 – Martin Scorsese (Filmmaker)</p><br>
<p>1997 – Isabella Rossellini (Actor)</p><br>
<p>1999 – Meryl Streep (Actor)</p><br>
<p>2003 – Kim Novak (Actor)</p><br>
<p>2012 – Richard Gere (Actor, Activist)</p><br>
<p>2013 – Roger Corman (Director, Producer, Distributor)</p><br>
<p>2015 – Michael Douglas (Actor, Producer)</p><br>
<p>2016 – Michael Keaton (Actor)</p><br>
<p>2017 – Vittorio Storaro (Cinematographer)</p><br>
<p>2019 – Julia Roberts (Actor, Producer)</p><br>
<p>2023 - Jodie Foster (Actor, Director)</p><br>
<h2>George Eastman&#39;s Estate</h2><br>
<p>George Eastman built his residence at 900 East Avenue between 1902 and 1905. He created a unique urban estate complete with 10.5 acre of working farm land, formal gardens, greenhouses, stables, barns, pastures, and a 35,000 ft&sup2, 50-room Colonial Revival mansion with a fireproof structure made of reinforced concrete.</p><br>
<p>Eastmans house presented a neoclassical Georgian Revival facade of decorative craftsmanship. Beneath this exterior were such modern conveniences as an electrical generator, an internal telephone system with 21 stations, a built-in vacuum cleaning system, a central clock network, an elevator, and a great Aeolian pipe organ. Eastman used the house as a center of the citys rich musical life from 1905 until his death in 1932.</p><br>
<p>The estate was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Theatre is a historic movie theater in northeast Portland, Oregon built in 1926. It is a central historical landmark of the Hollywood District, which is named after the theatre itself. The theatre is located at 4122 NE Sandy Blvd, and is operated by a non-profit organization. The Hollywood Theatre was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and is considered to be a gem of Northeast Portland&#39;s historic culture and tradition. It is the only theater in Oregon showing movies in 70mm film.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Commissioned by the theatre chain Jensen and Herberg as a companion to the Liberty Theater in Astoria, Oregon, architects Bennes and Herzog designed the building in multiple styles including Spanish Colonial Revival (exterior) and after the Baths of Caracalla and Bernini (interior). The theater opened on Saturday, July 17, 1926, with 1,491 seats, as a venue for vaudeville and silent movies.</p><br>
<p>The venue became a Cinerama theater in 1961, utilizing the ultra-widescreen process until 1963. It was still labelled a "Cinerama theater" until 1969, running exclusively 70-millimeter films. On June 13, 1968, Stanley Kubrick&#39;s 2001: A Space Odyssey opened, and ran for over 10 months.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the theater was divided into three auditoriums, and ran second run films throughout the 1980s and 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The theater became a non-profit organization in 1997. Starting in 2011, major renovations were done, including new seats, screens, sound systems and an updated paint job. In 2013, a Kickstarter campaign raised the funds necessary to erect a new marquee, and in 2015, 70-millimeter capability was re-installed, making it the sole remaining theater in the state to have it.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Theatre currently screens first run films; along with a wide range of both well known and obscure classic cinema, offbeat exploitation, educational, independent and experimental films; with a focus of screening repertory films on 35-millimeter and 70-millimeter. The theater also has hosted many special guests since 2015, including Quentin Tarantino, Pam Grier, Michael Ironside, Piper Laurie and Joe Dante. The main auditorium has a 50-foot screen and 384 seats, while two smaller auditoriums are located upstairs, each seating 111.</p><br>
<p>The theater is self-owned and operated by a non-profit organization of the same name. Its mission is to preserve and maintain the historic theater and use it to present a diverse program of films.</p><br>
<h2>Airport theater</h2><br>
<p>In December 2015, Hollywood Theatre announced plans to open an annex theater in Portland International Airport. The theater will seat 18 with standing room for 10 to 20 people and also have space for live performances. The theatre will show short films no longer than 20 minutes and be free of charge. In mid-February 2017, it was reported that the airport "microcinema" would open on February 23 and have seating for 17 people.</p><br>
<h2>Movie Madness</h2><br>
<p>In 2017, the Hollywood Theatre purchased the iconic Portland video store Movie Madness, and its collection of over 90,000 movies.</p><br>
<p>Charles Deering Estate  was the Florida home of Charles Deering until 1927 when he died at the estate. The Charles Deering Estate rests on 444 acres and comprises two buildings known as the Richmond Cottage and the Stone House. Both buildings are used as historical museums that center the Deering family. Both homes are filled with paintings, artifacts, books and antique furnishings.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Deering lived on the 444 acre property for five years, from 1922 to 1927. The property consists of a three-story wooden house built in 1900, known as the Richmond Cottage, and a three-story stone mansion. Other buildings were also built on the property to serve as auxiliary buildings to the estate. Charles Deering Estate is located in the Cutler neighborhood of Palmetto Bay, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include what is thought to be the largest virgin coastal tropical hardwood hammock in the continental United States. The estate was acquired by the state of Florida in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The estate is owned by the State of Florida and is managed by the Miami-Dade County Parks, Recreation and Open Spaces Department.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Charles Deering in 1927 the property was maintained by his family. The property became available for sale after his daughter died in 1982. The estate was purchased in 1984 by Finley Matheson, who fought to get it turned into a state park. In 1985 the State of Florida purchased the land for $22.5 million.</p><br>
<p>The Deering Estate is a national landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It became part of the National Register of Historic places in 1986 by meeting the requirements in all categories. It is also part of the Organization of Biological Field Stations through its collaboration with Florida International University School of Environment, Arts and Society. By being part of the organization they receive assistance in order to improve their effectiveness in supporting critical research, education and outreach programs.</p><br>
<p>For more than 30 years, researchers have studied the unique ecological, geological and archaeological features of the property. The Deering Estate is situated in the only portion of the Everglades Restoration Project within an urban setting and which is easily accessed by the public. In August 2019, the Deering Estate Foundation was granted $200,000 for capital improvements. This will expand the cultural and ecological field station and research site. The funds will provide renovations for a 10,700 square-foot field study research center. The research facility will provide temporary living quarters for up to 14 researchers, a archival library and a field staff office for the Deering Estate and Deering Estate Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The house and grounds were featured several times in the 1980s TV series Miami Vice, and the estate was the starting location for The Amazing Race All-Stars in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Richmond Cottage</h3><br>
<p>The Richmond Cottage was built by S. Howard Richmond, agent for the Perrine Land Grant Company, as his family home, at the end of the 19th century in what was then the pioneer town of Cutler. An addition which converted the home into a 22-room hotel was completed in 1900. The hotel was managed by Richmond&#39;s wife, Edith M. The Richmond Cottage was described as being the "most southerly hotel on the mainland of the United States".</p><br>
<p>Charles Deering bought the Richmond Cottage in 1916. Over the next several years he added different structures to the estate, including a carriage house, pump house and power house. He also enclosed his estate with a limestone and concrete wall and built the boat turning basin in Biscayne Bay. In 1922 he completed his three-story Mediterranean Stone House and moved to Cutler in 1922.Metropoliton Dade County Historic Preservation Board. "The Deering Estate" The Charles Deering Estate Historict S.W. 167 Street and Old Cutler Road: Designation Report. Miami: Metro-Dade, 1985. 5,6. Print.</p><br>
<p>This publication can be found at The Main Library. Address: 101 W FLAGLER ST MIAMI, FL 33130</p><br>
<h3>Stone House</h3><br>
<p>Stone House was designed by Phineas Paist and was completed in 1922. It has 18 inch poured concrete walls, oolitic limestone, coffered ceilings and copper clad and brass doors. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, Charles Deering was nervous of what fire could do. He decided to build his Stone House without a stove. There was a kitchen that housed refrigeration cabinets and storage but the cooking was done in the Richmond Cottage. It was his trepidation of fire that had him asking the architect/designer for the 18 inch concrete walls and brass doors. He also added an elevator to the house which was very forward thinking for 1922. The large wine cellar that is located on the first floor was not discovered until after Hurricane Andrew. It was very well hidden behind built-in cabinetry. Hurricane Andrew flooded the first floor and damaged much of it. It was during the clean up process that it was discovered. He intended the house to be used as a showcase for his art collection and books.</p><br>
<h3>Charles Deering</h3><br>
<p>by Ramon Casas i Carbó</p><br>
<p>Charles Deering was born on July 31, 1852, in Paris, Maine. He was the son of William Deering, founder of Deering Harvester Company, and brother of millionaire industrialist James Deering. Deering is remembered as an American businessman and philanthropist.</p><br>
<p>In 1873 Deering graduated from the United States Naval Academy and served as an officer in the Navy until 1881. Deering then became secretary of his father&#39;s company, which merged with McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and became International Harvester in 1902. After the merger, Deering became the chairman of the board for International Harvester.</p><br>
<p>Charles Deering died at the age of 75 at his estate at Cutler, at 11:30 P.M. on February 5, 1927. After Charles&#39; death, the estate was left to his wife and children.</p><br>
<h3>Cutler Burial Mound</h3><br>
<p>The Cutler Burial Mound is a prehistoric mound on the Charles Deering Estate. It is one of the few surviving prehistoric mounds in Miami-Dade County. The mound is about 38 feet by 20 feet at the base, and about five feet high. Artifacts from the mound are from the Glades II and III periods. The mound has been disturbed repeatedly. Henry Perrine, Jr, son of Henry Perrine, removed several skulls from the mound in the 1860s while searching for Black Caesar&#39;s treasure. Ralph Munroe dug in the mound in the 1890s. In the 20th century, neighborhood children dug in the mound and removed bones and artifacts. Some of those bones have been returned and reburied in the mound. The mound is believed to contain 12 to 18 burials of Native Americans. The mound is accessible via a boardwalk.</p><br>
<h3>Cutler Fossil Site</h3><br>
<p>In 1979 a sinkhole on the Deering Estate was found to contain bones of Pleistocene animals associated with bones and artifacts of early humans. The site was eventually acquired by Miami-Dade County, and is now part of the Charles Deering Estate Park.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Andrew</h3><br>
<p>On August 24, 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck South Florida as a Category 5 hurricane, the third-strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the United States, with winds of 165 mph (270 km/h). Andrew "destroyed 25,524 homes and damaged 101,241 others."</p><br>
<p>Hurricane Andrew ravaged and damaged the property of Deering Estate. The waterfront property was devastated by waves that reached as high as the second floor of the buildings. Water rose more than 16 ft from sea level and caused major flooding on the property. The Richmond Cottage was taken off its foundation and splintered by the hurricane. It took seven years and $7.2 million to restore the location. Deering Estate at Cutler reopened to the public in 1999 and officially opened in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>The Arts at Deering Estate</h2><br>
<p>The Deering Estate foundation has followed in Charles Deerings&#39; footsteps through their commitment to art and artists. The estate offers artists workshops and studio artists in-residence and studio not-in-residence programs. This program has been active since 2006 and has hosted over 90 residencies. To push artistic visibility throughout the community, the Deering Estate has collaborated with local partners that share the vision to promote art. Deering Estate also offers collaborations and partnerships with local universities such as Florida International University and Miami-Dade College. They also have connections to universities in Chicago (The Art Institute of Chicago) and Northwestern University in Illinois. It is through these schools that they offer internship-based learning. Exhibitions, performances and other collaborations are made through these connections.</p><br>
<h2>Events at Deering Estate</h2><br>
<p>The Deering Estate hosts a plethora of events that center art and community bonding. The event list includes caroling, nature tours, historic kayaking adventures, night hikes, bird watching and ghost tours. The Estate also hosts community-action days where volunteers can help clean or beautify the landscape. Specifically for children aged six to fourteen, they host "Teacher Planning Days". These events occur on days that are teacher planning Days at their schools, where the children do not go into school, instead they can attend an informational day at The Deering Estate. During these days, the students get to explore science through nature. Additionally for students, the estate holds Homeschool Enrichment programs that are meant to help "provide a well rounded curriculum that will help support traditional schooling". These programs are split into three different age groups starting at age five and being available till age fourteen. Lastly, the Estate offers career enrichment workshops for adults. These workshops are for teachers and other members of the MDCPS community.</p><br>
<h2>The Deering Estate Foundation</h2><br>
<p>The Deering Estate Foundation, Inc., organized in 1989 and strives, "to raise public awareness, outreach, understanding and the enjoyment of the Deering Estate at Cutler and to raise funds to support education, research, exhibits and collections, natural conservation and historical restoration and preservation." The offices of the foundation are located on the third floor of the Richmond Cottage. Is a community based charitable 501(c) Florida Corporation and the philanthropic partners of the Deering Estate.</p><br>
<p>Pilgrim Baptist Church is a historic church located on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, USA. The landmarked building was originally constructed for a synagogue, Kehilath Anshe Maarav. The church is notable both as an architectural landmark and for the cultural contributions by the congregation of the church. Located at 3301 S. Indiana Ave, the church is in the heart of Chicagos Bronzeville neighborhood. In 2017, the church was sold to the National Museum of Gospel Music.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed as a synagogue by Chicago architects Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler, and built in 1890 and 1891. Originally, the structure was the home of Kehilath Anshe Ma&#39;ariv, an important congregation in the development of Reform Judaism; Adler was a member, and his father was a rabbi. That congregation continues as K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple.</p><br>
<p>A Baptist congregation moved into the building in 1922, forming Pilgrim Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>The church is credited as the birthplace of gospel music in the 1930s. Thomas A. Dorsey, the "Father of Gospel Music", was the music director at Pilgrim Baptist for decades. Albertina Walker, Mahalia Jackson, Aretha Franklin, Sallie Martin, James Cleveland, The Staples Singers, and The Edwin Hawkins Singers are among those who have sung at the church.</p><br>
<p>Famous members of the congregation include Bessie Coleman. The church also hosted the funeral service of boxer Jack Johnson in 1946, and was prominent in the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered sermons at the church during the height of the movement.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the building was designated a Chicago Landmark in 1981. It housed a large series of murals painted by the African-American painter William E. Scott between 1936 and 1937. Pilgrims charismatic and forward-thinking pastor Junius C. Austin hired both Scott and Dorsey in the 1930s to increase the churchs appeal making it one of the largest churches in the country in just a few years.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>On January 6, 2006, a fire broke out that spread and gutted the building. Investigators concluded that the fire was started accidentally by workers performing roof repairs during a $500,000 restoration. The roofers were fitting metal coping, which is sealed with a blowtorch. Consumed in the fire were decades of historical records, along with boxes full of Dorsey&#39;s original sheet music. An elementary school across the street had to be evacuated, and the nearby Illinois College of Optometry building had windows destroyed by the high temperatures of the fire. Cars parked alongside the church were "virtually incinerated."</p><br>
<p>After the fire, the brick and stone of the outer walls still stood near-complete and were determined to be structurally sound. A steel support skeleton was later attached to the outside to brace the walls for a possible later reconstruction of the interior of the building and restoration of the façade.</p><br>
<p>The congregation now meets in a building across the street from the burnt out structure.</p><br>
<h2>Reconstruction plans</h2><br>
<p>Following the devastating fire that destroyed all but the exterior masonry walls of Pilgrim Baptist Church, the congregation committed to reconstructing the church on the current site. Sufficient documentation exists to ensure an accurate reproduction of the church, allowing for necessary alterations related to current liturgical and code requirements.</p><br>
<p>The target period for reconstruction of Pilgrim Baptist is the 1920s–1930s era. This period was chosen because it was during this time that, as Pilgrim Baptist Church, the most significant events associated with the building, including the rise of gospel music, occurred. At the same time, the building itself retained most of the physical elements that characterized its original design as a synagogue by Adler & Sullivan.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the structure will be reconstructed to include all of the character-defining features of its original construction, which survived into the 1920s. At the interior, the sanctuary will be reconstructed to include all of the character-defining features of its original construction, with necessary modifications to accommodate modern accessibility and church usage requirements.</p><br>
<p>The August 2020 Midwest derecho caused significant damage to the structure but the damage was not expected to affect the reconstruction schedule.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Although some news reports confused the two buildings, this is not the same Pilgrim Baptist Church as that used as the "Triple Rock" church in the movie The Blues Brothers, which stands on 91st Street several miles to the south.</p><br>
<p>Hunts Tomb is a tomb in the shape of a small white pyramid behind a fence at the top of a hill within Papago Park, Phoenix, Arizona, United States. George W. P. Hunt  had the tomb built in 1931 to entomb his wife. He was placed there after his death in 1934. Their daughter and his wife&#39;s family are also buried there.</p><br>
<p>The tomb was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The tomb is easily seen from anywhere in the southwest part of Papago Park on a sizable hill overlooking the Phoenix Zoo and offers a panoramic view of the eastern part of the Valley of the Sun.</p><br>
<p>According to Roadside America, "Dubbed King George VII, he was a friend of the common man and a foe (sometimes) of the railroad and mining trusts, which he called coyotes and &#39;skunks. Plaques on his pyramid declare that he was a descendant of an unnamed "Revolutionary War patriot," that he allowed women to vote in his state eight years before the rest of the country, and that he was elected governor seven times, which "set a national record."</p><br>
<p>Fort Ligonier is a British fortification from the French and Indian War located in Ligonier, Pennsylvania, United States. The fort served as a staging area for the Forbes Expedition of 1758. During the eight years of its existence as a garrison, Fort Ligonier was never taken by an enemy. It served as a post of passage to the new Fort Pitt, and during Pontiacs War of 1763, was a vital link in the British communication and supply lines. It was attacked twice and besieged by the Native Americans, prior to the decisive victory at Bushy Run in August of that year. The fort was decommissioned from active service in 1766. Today, there is a museum next to the reconstructed fort. Inside the museum there are artifacts from the battle. An individual can take a guided tour of the fort, and on Fort Ligonier Days, the forts cannons are fired.</p><br>
<h2>Forbes&#39; campaign</h2><br>
<p>French victories over George Washington and Edward Braddock in 1754–55 wrested from Britain control of the strategic forks of the Ohio River (modern Pittsburgh). By 1758, General John Forbes was assigned the daunting task of seizing Fort Duquesne, the French citadel at the forks. He ordered construction of a new road across Pennsylvania, guarded by a chain of fortifications, the final link being the "Post at Loyalhanna", fifty miles from his objective.</p><br>
<p>The fort was constructed in September 1758. By late October, George Washington had arrived at Loyalhanna, but not before the defeat of a British force at Fort Duquesne on September 14, and the successful defense of Loyalhanna from a French attack on October 12. Heavily outnumbered and losers in Indian diplomacy, the French abandoned Fort Duquesne, which Forbes occupied on November 25. He designated the site "Pittsburgh" in honor of Secretary of State William Pitt. Forbes also named Loyalhanna "Fort Ligonier" after his superior, Sir John Ligonier, commander-in-chief in Great Britain.</p><br>
<h3>Campaign timeline</h3><br>
<p>August 10, 1758—Colonel Bouquet ordered Major James Grant to build a road from Bedford to Ligonier (within striking distance of the French Fort Duquesne).</p><br>
<p>August 15, 1758—Col. Bouquet sent Ensign Charles Rohr, engineer for General Forbes, to the future site of Fort Ligonier to select a location for a storehouse there.</p><br>
<p>August 20, 1758—Col. Bouquet sent Major Grant, Col. James Burd and 1,500 men to the site to begin construction. Grant was in overall charge of the fort and men.</p><br>
<p>August 21, 1758—Ensign Rohr picked the exact location for the fort.</p><br>
<p>August 22, 1758—Col. Bouquet ordered Col. Burd&#39;s men and some artillerymen to build a 120 ft storehouse for supplies and a hospital.</p><br>
<p>August 27, 1758—Burd and Rohr reported the location of a superior site to Ligonier, nine miles (14 km) to the west. When told of the new site, Forbes directed that work continue on Fort Ligonier, since construction had already begun.</p><br>
<p>August 29, 1758—Col. Burd and troops arrived at Fort Ligonier and built trenches around the fort.</p><br>
<p>September 1, 1758—Bouquet sent 100 men to entrench the "Grants Paradise" location south of Latrobe, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>September 9, 1758—Major Grant left Fort Ligonier with troops and headed west to Fort Duquesne. On September 15, he approached within five miles (eight km) of Fort Duquesne before being beaten by the French, when his deliberate plan to lure out and ambush the fort&#39;s defenders went badly wrong. Bouquet arrived at Fort Ligonier with troops and wrote to Sinclair about the conditions of the fort, area and supplies, including wagons.</p><br>
<p>October 12, 1758—While the fort was still under construction, the Battle of Fort Ligonier was fought; the four-hour assault resulted in a French defeat. The French forces attempted to attack again at nightfall, but were forced to retreat by mortar fire from the fort.</p><br>
<p>November 12, 1758—The command of Col. Forbes ran across another squad of De Vitri&#39;s French troops lurking around Fort Ligonier. The British attacked, killing one and taking three prisoners. One of the prisoners turned out to be an Englishman who had been taken from his home in Lancaster County by anti-British Native Americans. His information concerning the weak condition of Fort Duquesne was corroborated by that of the French prisoners. Forbes therefore resolved to push forward to capture Fort Duquesne.</p><br>
<p>November 12, 1758—Units led by George Washington (1st Virginia) and Lieutenant Colonel George Mercer (2nd Virginia) accidentally engaged each other in heavy fog and at night. Two officers and 38 men were killed or wounded.</p><br>
<p>November 1758—4,000 troops encamped at the fort, making Ligonier the second-largest community in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>November 25, 1758—Forbes captured Fort Duquesne.</p><br>
<p>March 1766—Fort Ligonier was abandoned after the conclusion of the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>The Crawlerway is a 130 ft double pathway at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It runs between the Vehicle Assembly Building and the two launch pads at Launch Complex 39. It has a length of 5,535 and to Pad 39A and Pad 39B, respectively. A 7 ft bed of stones lies beneath a layer of asphalt and a surface made of Alabama river rocks.</p><br>
<p>The Crawlerway was originally designed to support the weight of the Saturn V rocket and its payload, plus the Launch Umbilical Tower and mobile launcher platform, atop a crawler-transporter during the Apollo program. It was also used from 1981 to 2011 to transport the lighter Space Shuttles to their launch pads.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Crawlerway connected Merritt Island with the mainland, forming a peninsula. The main vehicle access road to and from the launch pads, the Saturn Causeway, runs alongside the Crawlerway.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Crawlerway is composed of two 40 ft lanes, separated by a 50 ft median. The top layer is Alabama river rock, 4 in thick on the straight sections and 8 in thick on curves. Alabama river rock was chosen for many properties, including hardness, roundness, sphericity and LA abrasion test score. Beneath that is 4 ft of graded, crushed stone, resting on two layers of fill. By 2013, a project to repair and upgrade the Crawlerway was undertaken, the first time since it was constructed that the foundation had been repaired. Additional rock was added to the surface in June 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Rhea–McEntire House, also known as the Rhea–Burleson–McEntire House, is a historic antebellum Greek Revival mansion located along the shoreline of the Tennessee River&#39;s Wheeler Lake in Decatur, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed prior to 1836, and was used as headquarters by both Union and Confederate forces, alternately, during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Contrary to local legend, the Battle of Shiloh was not planned in this house nor used as headquarters by Albert Sidney Johnston in early 1862. Johnston&#39;s headquarters were located in a small building attached to the McCartney Hotel across the railroad tracks from the Burleson mansion. Extant primary-source records back up this assertion.</p><br>
<p>The official records, most of which are now housed at Tulane University, indicate that General Johnstons headquarters during the time he reorganized his Confederate forces in Decatur in March 1862 were at the McCarty (sic) Hotel. They also indicate that planning for attacking Grants forces at Pittsburg Landing (the Battle of Shiloh) was done by Johnston&#39;s subordinate, General Beauregard, in Corinth, Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>The list of major buildings in Decatur, Alabama that survived the Civil War were the Dancy-Polk House, the Old State Bank, The McCartney Hotel (demolished in the 1920s), and the Burleson House that later became known as the McEntire House. The most likely reason they were spared is that they were all inside the perimeter of the breastworks built by the Union in 1864. Everything outside the breastworks for an 800 yd radius was leveled to provide a clear field of fire for the artillery defending the Union position on the banks of the Tennessee River. The Burlesons owned the house during the Civil War. Dr. Aaron Adair Burleson served as the president of the Tennessee and Central Alabama Railroad that later became part of the Nashville and Decatur Railroad. During the Civil War Dr. Burleson was a physician in the Confederate Army. The home was sold to Jerome Hinds, a former Union soldier from Illinois, in 1869. After the Hinds, the home was used as a boarding house and hotel before standing empty for a period. It was purchased on April 5, 1895 by R. P. McEntire.</p><br>
<p>The house was also used as the second temporary courthouse, during the construction of the first permanent courthouse in Decatur, in Morgan County.</p><br>
<p>The house was documented with large-format photographs by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Horton Grove was an area of houses for enslaved African-Americans at the 30,000 acre Bennehan-Cameron plantation complex, which included Stagville Plantation in the northeastern part of Durham County, North Carolina. The slaves who lived at Horton Grove were held by the influential Bennehan and Cameron families. In 1860, 900 total slaves were held on the complex. The several structures still standing at Horton Grove are the only two-story slave residences remaining in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The quarters at Horton Grove, which were constructed by slave craftsmen in the early 1850s, were the culmination of decades of gradual improvements at the plantation complex. The dwellings at Horton Grove represented the pinnacle of slave house development and include shuttered windows, multiple stories, brick chimneys, and raised stone foundations.</p><br>
<p>These structures were occupied continuously until as late as the 1970s. After the American Civil War, many of the former slaves stayed on the property as sharecroppers and continued to live in these dwellings. Because of its historic and architectural significance, Horton Grove was listed in 1978 on the National Register of Historic Places. Archaeological finds on the site have provided insight into continuing practices of African heritage at Stagville, including the presence of divining rods and communal cooking practices.</p><br>
